Lecture 1 - Introduction Flashcards
Until the 5th century, mental illness was often associated with…
spiritual associations - demons, punishments, divine incarnations
In the middle ages (6-16th century), how were those with mental illnesss treated?
–> Hospital like settings (first instance of care and compassion) in Arabic cities like Cairo and Bagdad
–> In Europe, “madness” was opposed by the catholic church and associated with violence, Satan, the end of the world. Treatment included prayers, exorcisms, burnings, etc.
Mad persons were excluded from cities and kept in monasteries or leprosarium
Between the 14th and 17th century, how were those with mental illness treated?
“Reason” - emerges through the notion of being able to doubt one’s beliefs.
doubt as a human faculty emerges in Europe, observations of personal experiences are identified as the best way to know the world
Philosophers take position against clergy’s treatment of madness
Who was engaged in defining madness as the lack of capacity for reason - compared dreams to delusions, with the difference being the capacity to doubt the ideas/reality?
Descartes
–> This distinction between those capable and otherwise creates a stigma and divide between those with mental illness and those who are healthy
What was the Hospital General de Paris (1656)?
Hospital General de Paris (1656) created an institution to manage poverty
–> Marked the beginning of the Great Confinement to “manage” the mentally-ill, homeless, poor in order to “preserve social order and morality”
–> dehumanization and separation from greater society
These notion was slowly replaced physiological notions and led to the birth of the clinical perspective and modern psychiatry
How were those with mental illness treated in the 18th and 19 century?
French Revolution abolished the arbitrary detention and execution of people (on paper)
Turn of the 19th century:
Philip Pinel
–> “frees mad people from chains” and asylums are seen as best institution to observe, protect, care for and cure mentally ill people
–> Taxonomy of mental illness
–> Abolished bleedings, created straightjackets
Samuel Tuke in England
–> Saw work and tight schedules as a way to regulate activities and cure mental illness
The 19th century also marked the beginning of degenerenscense, phrenology, psychoanalytic theory
Who freed “mad people form chains” and began taxonomizing mental illness in the 19th century?
Philip Pinel
Who saw work and tight schedules as a way to regulate activities and cure mental illness in England in the 19th century?
Samuel Tuke
How did the mental hygiene movement of the 60s devolve?
Mental hygiene movement evolves into eugenics movement in the 60s - closely linked to degenerescence and evolution theories and primarily used psychiatry and psychiatrists as a vehicle
Tx included euthanasia, famine, sterilization than continues into 80s and 90s to “protect the mentally ill”
What progress in psychiatry occurred during the 50s?
1st neuroleptics
–> Lithium, chlorpromazine, imipramine
DSM creation
What progress in psychiatry occurred during the 60s?
Anti-psychiatry movement against abuse in asylums - deinstitutionalization (60s-90s)
Community reintegration w/o services led to increase in homelessness, crime & increased prison population
When did Ontario’s Mental Health Act come out?
1990
What is Brian’s law?
a modification of the MHA and Consent act that allowed for involuntary admissions and community treatment orders (2000)
Between the 20s-50s, who primarily represented the population of asylums?
Adult white women
–> Primarily hospitalized for hysteria
From the 50s-90s, what shift in asylum population demographics occured?
Amid the civil rights movement, an increased representation of Black men was seen in asylums
“Protest Psychosis”
–> protesters seen as psychotic d/t protesting
“War on Drugs”
–> Heavy penalization of drug use targeted Black communities and led to an overrepresentation of Black men in prisons (trend continues present day)
