Lecture 1- Intro to Psychology of Health Flashcards
What is Maslow’s (1943) Hierarchy of needs
1) Self- actualization
2) Esteem= self-esteem, confidence, achievement
3) Love/belonging= Friendship, family, sexual intimacy
4) Safety= Security of body, employment, resources, morality
5) Physiological= breathing, food, water, sleep
Name 3 Biological systems that relevant.
1) Nervous system
2) Endocrine system
3) Immune system
What is the importance of the 3 biological systems?
1) they communicate using electrical and chemical signals
2) activate and deactivate tissues, organs, and muscles to control and regulate the body, emotion and mind
3) preserve homeostasis
What is homeostasis?
1) the ability of an organism to maintain the internal environment of the body within limits that allow it to survive
2) pH and body temp
How does homeostasis bring back the body to its set point?
feedback loops
1) negative loops= counteract a change, bring value of the parameter back towards its set point e.g. regulating temp
2) Positive loop= increases change away from set point e.g. childbirth
What happens if there is an issue with the feedback loop?
may cause type 1 diabetes= less insulin
Define allostasis
1) active process of maintaining/ re-establishing homeostasis
What is the most efficient regulation?
anticipatory, learning from experience, and learning from past events
What is the allostatic load?
reflects the cumulative effect of experiences in daily life e.g. poor sleep
What may lead to allostatic load?
1) exposure to frequent stressors that may determine a status of chronic stress and repeated physiological arousal
2) lack of adaptation to repeated stressors
3) inability to shut off the stress response
What part of the body is necessary for neurological health?
neurons
Glial cells
What is the function of Glial cells in the nervous system?
1) Provides support and nutrition
2) maintain local homeostasis
3) produce myelin
4) participate in signal transmission
What is the function of microglial cells?
1) highly plastic
2) act as a macrophage cell
3) maintain forms of active immune defence in the central nervous system
What is the function of a neuron?
main wiring of the nervous system as communication devices to connect with other neurons, tissues organs, and muscles
What is the structure of a neurone?
1) Cell body= in charge of neuron activity
2) dendrites= received messages from other neurons
3) Axon= sends messages from one cell body to dendrites of the other
4) Myelin sheath= covers the axon to protect it and help messages to travel faster and easier
What is the function of a neurotransmitter?
1) communicate in the nervous system
2) 60 different ones
What are neuromodulators?
affects the synthesis or reabsorption of neurotransmitters
What is the function and location of the central nervous system?
1) integrative and control centers
2) Brain and spinal cord
What is the location and function of the peripheral nervous system?
1) Cranial nerves, spinal nerves
2) communication lines between CNS and the rest of the body
What is the location and function of the Sensory division?
1) Somatic and visceral sensory nerve fibres
2) conducted impulses from the receptor to the CNS
What is the location and function of Motor division?
1) motor nerve fibres
2) conducts impulses from the CNS to the effectors (muscle, glands)
Describe the somatic nervous system
1) somatic motor (voluntary)
2) conducts impulses CNS to skeletal gland (speech and behaviour)
Describe the automatic nervous system
1) visceral motor (involuntary)
2) conducts impulses from CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, glands
What is the Automatic NS split into?
1) Sympathetic- mobilizes body systems during activity (flight or fight)
2) Parasympathetic- conserves energy, promotes housekeeping functions during rest
What does the endocrine system consist of?
ductless glands of the body and hormones produced by glands
State the functions of hormones
act as messengers carried by the bloodstream to different cells in the body
State the function for endocrine system
1) maintains physiological homeostasis
2) regulates circadian rhythm and sleep/walking cycle with a variety of hormones
Name examples of what is regulated by hormones
- cellular metabolism
- reproduction
- sexual development
- digestion
What happens to the hormones when an individual is asleep?
growth, prolactin hormones increase whilst thyroid stimulating hormone and cortisol are inhibited
What is the role of the immune system?
- protect the body from harm
innate immune system
adaptive immune system
What is the innate immune system?
1) first line of defence= barriers and cells that keep harmful germs from entering the body
- skin
-mucus membranes
2) Second line of defence= specialised cells that alert the body of the impending danger
What is the adaptive immune system?
1) thymus (maturation of t cells)
2) spleen- filters blood
3) Bone marrow
4) circulatory and lymphatic system (drains excess fluids and filters pathogens)
work together to produce, store, and transport specific types of cells and substances to combat health threats
What is immunodeficiency?
1) The immune system is less active, recurring, and life- threatening
What is Autoimmunity?
hyperactive immune system- attack normal tissues
State the difference between Homeostais and allostasis
1) homeostasis is how the body stays balanced
2) allostasis- combination of body responses to stress that help brain and body return to optimal functioning
