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Human Anatomy and Physiology > Lecture 1 - Intro and body function > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Intro and body function Flashcards

1
Q

______________ and _______________ of the body are closely related.

Structure of a part of the body allows ____________ of certain function.

A

Structure and function of the body are closely related.

Structure of a part of the body allows performance of certain function.

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2
Q

What are the levels of organisation?

A
  1. Cells
  2. Tissues
  3. Organs
  4. Organ System
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3
Q

Name these level of organisation:

G____ > P________ > C_____ S________ > T_________ S_________ and F____________ > O__________ S________ and F___________ > C____________ M_______________

A

Gene > Protein > Cell structure > Tissue Structure and Function > Organ Structure and Function > Clinical Medicine

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4
Q

State:

                           chemical level
A

Chemical substances such as atoms, ions molecules. All together, the next level to make genes and proteins or a small portion.

E.g. ‘a haem group’ - haemoglobin

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5
Q

State:

                          Cellular level
A

The basic structural and functional units of the human body - cells. There are many different types of cell: muscle, nerve, blood etc.

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6
Q

State:

                         Tissue level
A

A group of cells that performs a specific function and basic types of tissue in the human body. The 4 main tissue types in the body are: epithelial, muscle, nervous and connective tissue

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7
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Glands and tissues that cover the interior and exterior body surface

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8
Q

Connective tissue

A

Supports the body and connects its part

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9
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Transmit nerve impulse through the body

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10
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Along with bones, enables the body to move

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11
Q

State:

                           Organ level
A

An organ that consist of 3 or more different types of tissues that perform different part of function

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12
Q

State:

                           System level
A

An association of organs that have a common function

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13
Q

Give examples of System levels.

A

Circular system
Urinary system
Respiratory system
Muscle system

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14
Q

Which system level is:

The Brain, Spinal cord, peripheral nerve and an area that transmits fast electrical signalling to perform activities

A

Nervous system

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15
Q

What are the functions of the Nervous system?

A

[1]
Generates action potentials to regulate body activities

[2]
Detect changes in internal environments

[3]
Interprets changes and response by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretion

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16
Q

Give examples of Integumentary System?

A 
Skin 
Hair 
Nails 
Sweat 
Oil glands
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17
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary System?

A

[1]
To serve as a barrier against infection and injury

[2]
To help regulate body temperature

[3]
To eliminate waste

[4]
Protection against UV

[5]
Detects sensation such as pain, touch, warmth and cold

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18
Q

Give examples of skeletal system?

A

Bones
Cartilage
Ligaments
Tendons

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19
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A

[1]
To support the body

[2]
To protect internal organs

[3]
Allows movement

[4]
Stores minerals and lipids

[4]
To provide sites for blood cell formation

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20
Q

Give examples of muscular systems?

A

Skeletal M for unconscious control - the automatic system
Smooth M for conscious control - rest & digest
Cardiac M - parametric system

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21
Q

What are the functions of the muscular system?

A

[1]
To work with the Skeletal M to produce voluntary movement

[2]
To help circulate blood

[3]
Move food through the digestive system

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22
Q

What does the Reproductive system consist of?

A
  • Testes
  • Epididymis
  • Vas deferens
  • Urethra
  • Penis
  • Ovaries etc
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23
Q

What are the functions of the Reproductive system?

A

[1]
To produce reproductive cells in females

[2]
To nurture and protect developing embryos

24
Q

What does the Lymphatic/ Immune system consist?

A
  • White blood cells
  • Thymus
  • Spleen
  • Lymph vessels
25
Q

What are the functions of the Lymphatic/ Immune system?

A

[1]
To help protect the body from disease

[2]
To collect fluid lost from blood vessels and return them back to the circulatory system

26
Q

What does cardiovascular system consist of?

A
  • Heart
  • Blood vessels
  • Blood
27
Q

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

[1]
To bring oxygen, nutrients and hormones to cells

[2]
To fight infections

[3]
To remove cell waste

[4]
To help regulate the body and acid base balance

28
Q

What does the respiratory system consist of?

A
  • The nose
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • Lungs
29
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A

[1]
To provide oxygen needed for cellular respiration and remove excess carbon dioxide from the body

[2]
ATP synthesis

30
Q

What does the digestive system consist of?

A
  • Organs of the GI tract
  • Mouth
  • Pharynx
  • oesophagus
  • Small and large intestine
31
Q

What are the functions of the digestive system?

A

To convert food into simpler molecules and absorbs them into other body system

32
Q

What system level:

  • Skin
  • Lungs
  • Kidneys
  • Ureters
  • Urinary
  • Bladder
  • Urethra
A

Excretory System

33
Q

What are the functions of the excretory system?

A

[1]
To produce, store and eliminate urine

[2]
To eliminate waste products and regulate volume and composition of blood

[3]
To help maintain mineral balance

[4]
Help regulate production of red blood cells

34
Q

What does the endocrine system consist of?

A

Glands that produces hormones such as:

  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituitary
  • Thymus
  • Thyroid
  • Testes
35
Q

What are the functions of the endocrine system?

A

[1]
To control growth development and metabolism

[2]
To maintain homeostasis

36
Q

What are the basic life processes?

A
  1. Metabolism
  2. Responsiveness
  3. Movement
  4. Growth
  5. Differentiation
  6. Reproduction
37
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Chemical processes that occur in the body such as:

  1. Catabolism - the break down of complex chemical substances into simpler components
  2. Anabolism - the building up of complex chemical a substances
38
Q

What is responsiveness?

A

The bodies ability to detect and respond to changes such as:

[1]
Decrease in body temperature

[2]
Responding to sound

[3]
Nerve impulses signalling the muscle cells to contract

39
Q

What is myelin?

A

Surrounds fibres called axons to protect and enhance nerve cells.

40
Q

What does neurogenesis do?

A

Helps make brain cells.

41
Q

Associated with long term memory and spatial navigation

A

The hippocampus

42
Q

Explain briefly movement and growth.

A

[1]
The motion of body such as, leg muscle cells move the body from one place to another

[2]
Body size increases due to number of cells multiplying

[E.g.]
Bone growth materials between cells increase

43
Q

Explain differentiation.

A

When cell develop they start from unspecialised to specialised state, specialised that that their structure can differ from other cells.

[E.g.]
stem cells give cells that undergo differentiation.

44
Q

What is reproduction.

A

[1]
The formation of new cells (growth, repair, or replacement)

[2]
The production of new individuals

45
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

[1]
The condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment. A process by which internal condition needs to be constant despite changes in external environment.

[2]
Can occur in dynamic conditions

[3]
Maintained by feedback inhibition e.g. - ne feedback is the process which stimulus produces a response that opposes the original stimulus

[4]
The whole body contributes to maintaining internal internal environment within normal limits

E.g. blood glucose level needed to be around 70 to 110 mg

46
Q

What does Homeostasis do in the body?

A

Maintains the integration of all organs system at all time

[E.g.]
Temperature which is controlled by the hypothalamus

47
Q

What happens if core temperature drops hypothalamus?

A

[1]
Blood vessels in the skin constricts reducing heat loss loss from the skin

[2]
Skeletal muscles contract causing involuntary ‘shiver’ increased in temperature

48
Q

Finish this hormonal process sentence about the pituitary gland:

The pituitary glands contains two areas, the a________ and p__________. The a _____________ can both direct C________ by n___________ or direct r__________ by h___________. Both the n__________ and h___________ release In______________ controls the regularity of hormones.

A

The pituitary glands contains two areas, the anterior and posterior glands. The anterior can both direct control by nervous system or direct release by hormones. Both the nervous system control and hormonal release indirectly controls the regularity of hormones.

49
Q

Explain the thyroid cycle.

A
  1. Thyroid glands produce calcitonin
  2. This causes Ca to increase in kidneys and Ca deposition in the bone inhibiting osteoclasts
  3. Blood Ca levels decline
  4. Homeostasis restored
  5. Homeostasis normal calcium levels around 8.5 - 11 mg/dL
  6. Homeostasis disturbed rising calcium levels in blood

[R]
Cycle repeats

50
Q

Factors that disrupt homeostasis:

A

[1]
Physical insults

[2]
Changes in the internal environment

[3]
Physiological stress

[4]
Disruptions

51
Q

The Feedback back system:

A

A cycle of events that the body monitors and re-monitores

52
Q

The three basic feedback components:

A

1.
Receptor

  1. Control centre

3.
Effector

53
Q

Feedback system: Receptor

A

[1]
Monitors changes in controlled condition

[2]
Send input to the control centre

e.g.
nerve ending of skin responding to temperature

54
Q

Feedback system: Control centre

A

Sets the range from receptors and generates output command - i.e. nerve impulses and horomones

55
Q

Feedback systems: Effector

A

Receives output from control centre

56
Q

Negative feedback

A

Reverse changes in controlled condition

e.g.
Regulation of blood pressure (forces exerted by blood as it presses again the wall of blood vessels)

57
Q

Positive feedback

A

Strengthen or reinforce change in one of the body’s controlled condition

e.g.
Normal child birth

Human Anatomy and Physiology (10 decks)

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