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host defense > Lecture 1: Intro > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of innate system

A

ADVANTAGE: instantaneous activation
DISADVANTAGE: lack of specificity to target pathogens

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2
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of adaptive system

A

ADVANTAGE: memory and specificity
DISADVANTAGE: slow (over a week to become operational)

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3
Q

Innate system ________ of pathogen to infect host; adaptive _________ pathogen

A

delays ability

eliminates

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4
Q

Two barriers to infection (first line of defense in innate immunity)

A

1) Skin

2) Mucosa

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5
Q

Name of chemicals produced by skin to fight off pathogens

A

defensins

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6
Q

Mechanisms by which mucosa protects against invaders

A

1) mucus traps pathogens
2) cilia beat and eject particles out
3) tears and saliva produce hydrolytic enzymes to kill bacteria

Three classes: mechanical, chemical, microbiological

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7
Q

What two systems developed their own REGIONAL immune system?

A

gut and lung

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8
Q

Second line of defense in innate immunity:

A

group of rapidly mobile cells that can go to site of infection and kill pathogen

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9
Q

What are the two signals these cells respond to?

A

1) PAMPS (pathogen associated molecular patterns)

2) DAMPS (damage associated molecular patterns)

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10
Q

How, molecularly, do these innate cells recognize PAMPS and DAMPS?

A

Via the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs):

1) TLR: Toll-like
2) RLR
3) NLR

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11
Q

What functionally serves as the “on” switch for an innate immune response?

A

activation of TLR

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12
Q

What are the 2 pathways used by innate system to neutralize threat?

A

1) soluble proteins made in the liver (mannose binding receptor, serum proteins in the complement system)
2) immune effector cells

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of proteins the liver makes to support the innate system?

A

1) Mannose binding receptor - circulates in the plasma, binds to mannose containing structural components of bacterial cell walls. Activation of this phagocytoses bacterium
2) serum proteins known as the complement system

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14
Q

What is known as the ancestral precursor of the antibody?

A

Mannose binding receptors (identify bacteria and phagocytose it)

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15
Q

What are the main cells of the innate immune system?

A

leukocytes

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16
Q

What is the main hallmark of leukocytes?

A

granules - contain lots of killer molecules that, when released, destroy the bacteria

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17
Q

Do leukocytes of the innate system remember their encounters with pathogens?

A

NO but they can be primed to react more vigorously during a subsequent encounter

18
Q

What are the 5 classes of leukocytes?

A

1) Neutrophils
2) Eosinophils
3) Basophils and Mast cells
4) Monocytes/Macrophages
5) Dendritic cells

19
Q

Most common leukocyte:

A

neutrophil (final arbiter in most inflammatory reactions)

20
Q

Function of eosinophils:

A

respond to parasitic infections

21
Q

Function of basophils:

A

least common leukocyte; serve as antigen presenting cells (have specialized granules/receptors that are important in specialized antibody reactions)

22
Q

Function of macrophage:

A

eat bacteria

23
Q

Function of dendritic cells:

A

sentinel cells of immune system and critical to activate adaptive system

very rich in TLRs and continually sample the environment for DAMPs and PAMPs

24
Q

What are the innate lymphoid cells?

A

1) Natural Killer Cells

2) gamma delta lymphocytes and NKT lymphocytes

25
Q

What are the main features of natural killer cells?

A

they have large granules (but are not granulocytes); they constantly sample the environment like dendritic cells, can recognize DAMPs and PAMPs

26
Q

Which molecular family facilitates communication with the innate immune system?

A

cytokines

27
Q

What is the molecular make up of cytokines?

A

two peptide chains encoded by separate genes

28
Q

Over time, evolutionary pressures drove cytokine systems to develop:

A

1) families
2) pleiotropism
3) redundancy

29
Q

True or false: cytokines are only produced after stimuli

A

true

30
Q

Which cells express cytokines?

A

immune and non-immune cells

31
Q

Cytokines serve as the __________ of cellular communications that provide the critical links in humoral (antibody-mediated) and cellular mediated immunity

A

mediators

32
Q

Cytokine production, release, and receptor display allow for which type of important communication?

A

antigen-specific immune effector cells (lymphocytes) and non-antigen specific counterparts (macrophages and dendritic cells)

33
Q

Which two features of cytokine receptors tailor the level of intensity of the immune response?

A

1) density

2) affinity

34
Q

Antigens can be viewed as evolutionary refinement of ______

A

PAMPs

35
Q

How does the adaptive immune system generate a highly efficient immune response?

A

clonal amplification

36
Q

What are the cells of the adaptive system?

A

1) Macrophages and dendritic cells - (now have new roles - uptake and processing of pathogens, present foreign matter to other cells)
2) small lymphocyte - generates specific antigen receptors on surface, communicates with other cells, proliferates in response to the antigen and amplifies a targeted lethal response by producing killer cells or antibodies

37
Q

What are the two groups of adaptive lymphocytes?

A

1) B cells

2) T cells

38
Q

What cells mediate the humoral immune response?

A

B cells (produce antibodies and ultimately differentiate into plasma cells)

39
Q

What are the two main functions of the T cells?

A

1) HELP orchestrate the immune response

2) KILL harmful pathogens

40
Q

What cells mediate the cell-mediated immunity?

A

T cells (good at targeting infections that hide inside host cells)

41
Q

What are the 3 effector molecules of the adaptive system?

A

1) Complement system (enzymes that amplify innate response)
2) B cells (clonally amplify adaptive response)
3) Cytokines

host defense (21 decks)

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