Lecture 1: Intro

Question 1

genus vs species: which one is capitalized

Answer 1

genus

Question 2

when you write genus and species name, what must you also do to the words

Answer 2

italicize or underline BOTH

Question 3

what is a binomial

Answer 3

scientific name of organism written as genus and species

Question 4

what kind of info does binomial tell you

Answer 4

what it looks like, etc

Question 5

how do taxonomists classify organisms into kingdom, phyla etc

Answer 5

place in taxa based on characteristics/characters that group members share in common

Question 6

types of characters (Groups)

Answer 6

morphological
physiological
molecular
behavioral

Question 7

3 types of symbiosis

Answer 7

mutualism
commensalism
parasitism

Question 8

mutualism: symbiont A, symbiont B, example

Answer 8

symbiont A = protozoan –> benefits
symbiont B = host –> benefits
gut flagellate/termite

Question 9

commensalism: symbiont A, symbiont B, example

Answer 9

symbiont A = protozoan –> benefits
symbiont B = host –> neither helped nor harmed
entamoeba coli/monkey

Question 10

parasitism: symbiont A, symbiont B, example

Answer 10

symbiont A = protozoan –> benefits
symbiont B = host –> harmed
E. histolytica/monkey

Question 11

how to differentiate commensal vs parasitic amoeba: method, difference in cycsts

Answer 11

cysts come out in feces –> fecal smear
E. coli cyst contains 8 nuclei
E. histolytica cyst contains 4 nuclei

Question 12

3 main groups of parasites

Answer 12

protozoans
worms/helminths
arthropods

Question 13

3 types of parasitic helminths/worms

Answer 13

nematodes/roundworms
tapeworms
flukes

Question 14

ectoparasites vs endoparasites (general)

Answer 14

ectoparasites infest the skin, har, feathers, etc
endoparasites infect the internal organs and tissues

Question 15

how do parasites exhibit site specificity

Answer 15

predilection site

Question 16

strongylus vulgaris: general name, predilection site of larvae vs adult worms

Answer 16

equine blood worm
4th stage larvae in wall of cranial mesenteric artery –> adult worms attach to mucosa of colon and rectum

Question 17

examples of how parasites’ adaptations for feeding (4)

Answer 17

piercing/sucking mouthparts
release anticoagulants and vasodilators during hematophagy
hooks, suckers, spines and other holdfast organs
absorb nutrients across parasite’s outer surface

Question 18

examples of how parasites deter host defenses (3)

Answer 18

acid and enzyme resistant eggs, cysts, larval stages
avoid immune response with antigenic variation, encystment within host
counter host immune response with immunomodulation, kill immune cells, cleave Ab

Question 19

parasite adaptations to ensure successful reproduction and transmission (4)

Answer 19

high reproductive potential = asexual repro, hermaphroditism, high output of eggs
environmentally resistant eggs/cysts
host seeking behavior
altering host behavior

Question 20

parasite modes of transmission (5)

Answer 20

ingestion of eggs/cysts/larvae in food and water
direct contact between hosts
transplacental, transmammary
penetration of skin or mucous membranes
vector transmission

Question 21

symbiosis definition

Answer 21

any 2 organisms living in close association
typically one lives in or on body of the other

Question 22

what does it mean to be host specific

Answer 22

develop and reproduce in limited number of host species

Question 23

can the predilection site change throughout life cycle

Answer 23

yes

Question 24

host seeking behavior

Answer 24

active stages (larvae, adults) in host environment will actively seek out and attach/penetrate host

Question 25

environmentally resistant eggs/cysts withstand (3)

Answer 25

dessication
temperature extremes
disinfectants