Lecture 1 Immunology Flashcards
what did Hooke, Van Leeuwenhoek and Jenner discover respectively?
Hooke 1665; micrographia “cells” at 10/20X
Van Leeuwenhoek 1674: animalcules, 200X, lighting
Jenner 1796: cowpox immunisation effect against smallpox
what did Pasteur 1860 discover
germ theory- pasteurisation and rabies vaccination
what did Kariko and Weissman 2023 discover
mRNA vaccines
describe how SARS-CoV-2 can be spread, and its mode of action
spread via air droplet suspensions. binds to ACE2 receptors on epithelial cells, and via protease can enter the cell (cleavage of the S protein, and hence activation of the S2 domain)
differentiate between innate and adaptive immune sys
innate = non specific + rapid response, i.e barriers (mucosa, HCL in stomach)
adaptive = specific, slow, learned. i.e B cells, T cells, Plasma cells
what is the progression of the innate immune response
infection, recognition of pathogens by sensors, activation of cells and inflammation, removal of the infectious agent
what is the progression of the adaptive immune response
infection, stimulation of T and B cells in lymphoid organs, expansion and training of effector T and B cells. Migration to infection site , removal of infectious agent
what are the lines of defence of innate response
skin(epithelia), pH, mucosa, enzymes (i.e lysozyme), commensals
how does lysozyme work for microbial containment
lysozyme breaks down peptidoglycan in gram pos cells .
describe the mucosa layers and how they defect pathogens
outer mucus layer traps most pathogens. motile bacteria can make their way through second layer of mucous- where there is IgA antibodies and antimicrobial proteins. IgA bind to pathogens and cause release of cytokines
PAMPS-PRRS (pathogen recognition receptors)
PRRs are receptors which recognise PAMPS (pathogen associated molecular patterns) which are microbial components such as lipopeptides, peptidoglycan, LPS, flagellin.
TLR2 is expressed on immune cells such as macrophages, and it can detect peptidoglycan in gram pos cells.
TLR4 is also expressed on immune cells and detects LPS on gram neg cells
what happens when a TLR2/TLR4 detects PGN or LPS
release of cytokines to initiate inflammatory response
describe the TLR structure
leucine rich repeat motifs, and cysteine rich flanking motif. TIR domain within the cell
describe peyer’s patches
areas in the large intestine- aggregates of lymphoid tissue T cell zone, B cell zone and lacteals
main parts of spleen?
capsule, red pulp, white pulp, T cell zone, B cell zone
parts + function of the thymus
capsule, cortex, medulla
T lymphocytes mature functionally here
primary lymphoid tissues
bone marrow, thymus
secondary lymphoid tissues
mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) i.e resp tract, digestive system, urinary tract, saliva .
Lymph nodes, spleen
