L2 Immunology

Question 1

which RBC releases histamine to cause inflammation

Answer 1

basophil

Question 2

how are the T cells activated from the innate system

Answer 2

alerted by phagocytes- macrophages/ dendritic cell (APC) which alerts the T cells (helper and cytotoxic)

Question 3

write a note on the inflammatory response

Answer 3

1. pathogens enter wound
2. macrophages called to site, and releases cytokines o the blood.
3. draws WBCs to the site, i.e neutrophils in case of bacterial infection
4. neutrophils enter tissues and leave blood vessels via extravasation, and via phagocytosis engulfs bacteria

Question 4

describe the products present in granules of neutrophils

Answer 4

antimicrobial peptides , alpha defensins (impact cell membrane permeability). enzymes and ROS (reactive oxygen species) and NO (nitric oxide - regulatory signal)

Question 5

what is present in granules of eosinophils

Answer 5

MBP (major basic protein) damages cells by attacking cell membrane. enzymes are also present, as well as cytokines

Question 6

what is present in granules of basophils

Answer 6

histamine, enzymes, cytokines.

Question 7

role of macrophages as an APC

Answer 7

present antigens to T cells

Question 8

what is the phagocytosis process

Answer 8

1. microbes bind to phagocyte receptors
2. phagocyte membrane zips up around microbe
3. fusion with lysosome
4. creation of phagolysosome (killing of pathogen via NO, ROS, enzymes )

Question 9

what is the main function of dendritic cells

Answer 9

activation of T cells by presenting antigen from phagocytosed pathogen