LECTURE 1: Historical Perspectives

Question 1

diseases were considered by primitive people to be caused by gods and spirits

Answer 1

prehistoric days

Question 2

disease is thought to be caused by an imbalance of the negative (Yin) and positive (Yang) forces

Answer 2

oriental culture

Question 3

They recorded numerous ailments with corresponding folk
treatment, most of which were influenced by religious beliefs to mythical gods and
goddesses.

Answer 3

Edwin Smith
Papyrus
Ebers Papyrus

Question 4

four
humors

Answer 4

blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile

Question 5

They explained the causes of disease as an imbalance of the four humors. Noted among these physicians was Hippocrates.

Answer 5

Greek physicians

Question 6

For him and his students,
disease involved the whole person and not confined to a part of
that person.

Answer 6

Hippocrates

Question 7

He advocated the observation of diseased patients, the formulation of a diagnosis
and prognosis, and the diligent treatment of patients.

Answer 7

Hippocrates

Question 8

He elevated the practice of “medicine” as a calling rather than a means to earn,

Answer 8

Hippocrates

Question 9

He is the first to introduced the practice of surgery in Rome.

Answer 9

Arcagathus

Question 10

He was considered an expert in wound,
and his use of the knife and cautery earned him the title
“carnifex” or “executioner”.

Answer 10

Arcagathus

Question 11

Arcagathus use of the knife and cautery earned him the title
______________.

Answer 11

“carnifex” or “executioner”

Question 12

He described the medical practice at his time, and came up with the first
account and description of heart diseases and mental illness, including the four cardinal signs of inflammation (redness, swelling, heat and pain).

Answer 12

Cornelius Celsus

Question 13

four cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 13

redness
swelling
heat
pain

Question 14

He became a famous physician to the gladiators.

Answer 14

Claudius Galen

Question 15

He discovered and explained several anatomic structures.

Answer 15

Claudius Galen

Question 16

Doing experiments on living animals, in particular apes.

Answer 16

Claudius Galen

Question 17

He published his works on De Humanis Corporis Fabrica and dispelled some of Galen’s works.

Answer 17

Andreas Vesalius

Question 18

during those days this was strictly forbidden, both in eastern and western societies, with the belief that the body is an instrument of the soul, and is therefore considered sacred.

Answer 18

Autopsy

Question 19

It is where medical knowledge based on philosophy flourished.

Answer 19

Alexander the Great

Question 20

They declared that the soul constituted a higher value than the whole organism, implying that after death, there was no more a physical frame that’s
left.

Answer 20

Plato and Aristotle

Question 21

Their philosophical declaration led to the use of body remains for dissection and anatomical studies.

Answer 21

Plato and Aristotle

Question 22

Modern medicine is considered to have begun when _____________
published the complete textbook on human anatomy.

Answer 22

Andreas Vesalius

Question 23

He considered his work a
lresurrection of the ancient anatomy, knowing that Celsus and Galen also performed
dissections and anatomical research

Answer 23

Andreas Vesalius

Question 24

He presented his report from about 700 autopsies, and surmised that disease occur or “sat” in different organs in different patients.

Answer 24

Dr. John Morgagni

Question 25

Since every major organ has one vein, he called it “the seat and cause of disease” where he explained that all diseases are caused by inflammation of the vein draining the organ.

Answer 25

Dr. John Morgagni

Question 26

Since every major organ has one vein, Dr. John Morgagni called it _________________ where he explained that all diseases are caused by inflammation of
the vein draining the organ.

Answer 26

“the seat and cause of disease”

Question 27

He explained that all diseases are caused by inflammation of
the vein draining the organ.

Answer 27

Dr. John Morgagni

Question 28

He devised the microscope from crude lenses and launched the modern era of microscopy.

Answer 28

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Question 29

He discovered algae and protozoa, and his studies of sperm cells and aquatic microbes created the science of microbiology.

Answer 29

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Question 30

He initiated microscopical anatomy, entomology, and particle structure; and
his unprecedented high-power microscopes led to his discovery of bacteria.

Answer 30

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Question 31

The understanding of some body processes as they react with injurious agents started to unfold with the treatise aboutninflammation and he is the first who advanced the idea that it is a disturbed state of the body fluids or humors.

Answer 31

John Hunter

Question 32

He observed such changes in injured frog tongue and webfoot described inflammation with great details and won public acceptance.

Answer 32

Julius Cohnheim

Question 33

He wrote the first handbook of general pathologic anatomy, and to this day
was considered to be the world’s famous pathologist.

Answer 33

Dr. Karl Rokitansky

Question 34

world’s famous pathologist

Answer 34

Dr. Karl Rokitansky

Question 35

A clinical diagnostician who did the clinical observations,.

Answer 35

Dr. Joseph Skoda

Question 36

He studied the relationship between clinical signs and symptoms to the pathological anatomy, correlating functions and structure.

Answer 36

Dr. Karl Rokitansky

Question 37

He came up with the theory that all diseases were either crasias or dyscrasias and these causes non-cellular ground substances to
produce new defective cells.

Answer 37

Dr. Karl Rokitansky

Question 38

where body organs were lifted and examined without dismemberment from its
connections

Answer 38

Rokitansky Technique

Question 39

He started to cut thin sections of diseased tissues with a razor, and examined them using the latest technology at that time, the microscope.

Answer 39

Rudolf Virchow

Question 40

His works came to be known as the basis of modern pathology.

Answer 40

Rudolf Virchow

Question 41

He described the various changes as hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, acute and chronic inflammation, granuloma, thrombosis, infarction, tumor growth and spread, and asserted among others that all cells come from pre-existing cells concurring with the findings of Theodor Schwann and Matthias
Schleiden.

Answer 41

Rudolf Virchow

Question 42

Their finding is that all living things are made up of cells (cell theory).

Answer 42

Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden

Question 43

He proposed that disease is disease of cells.

Answer 43

Rudolf Virchow

Question 44

He became the chief arbiter of scientific inquiry, and his words and ideas became widely accepted.

Answer 44

Rudolf Virchow

Question 45

Examining first the cause of bad-tasting wine, and later on working on diseases.

Answer 45

Louis Pasteur

Question 46

He proposed and supported by experimental works that diseases are caused by germs.

Answer 46

Louis Pasteur

Question 47

He worked out the pathology of acute inflammation and tuberculosis.

Answer 47

Julius Cohnheim

Question 48

He devised many of the stains still in use in most pathology laboratories.

Answer 48

Paul Ehrlich

Question 49

He unraveled the defects in inborn errors of metabolism.

Answer 49

Linus Pauling

Question 50

He applied quantum physics to chemistry and his discoveries affected the work of all chemists to follow.

Answer 50

Linus Pauling

Question 51

He is considered the father of molecular biology, which provided the base
for biotechnology.

Answer 51

Linus Pauling

Question 52

When does the electron microscope developed?

Answer 52

1935

Question 53

In prehistoric days, when a person suffered from a disease, treatment is therefore directed towards mollifying the god or spirit by what?

Answer 53

prayers
fasting
some exotic
esoteric ceremonies

Question 54

What are the 5 examples of esoteric ceremonies?

Answer 54

sacrificing animals
purification processes
sorcery
magic
various incantations