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Danielle- MCM Test 1 > Lecture 1: Fund Of Biochem Rxns > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Fund Of Biochem Rxns Flashcards

1
Q

________ is an enzyme that balances molecules that affect the pH of blood

A

Carbonic Anhydrase

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2
Q

What 2 molecules are directly affected by carbonic anhydrase in the blood buffer equation?

A

Carbonate and carbon dioxide

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3
Q

Is the blood buffer reaction driven by mass action or is it a coupled reaction?

A

Mass action

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4
Q

______________ (enzyme class) transfer electrons from a donor to an acceptor

A

Oxidoreductases

  • Donor = reducing agent
  • Acceptor = oxidizing agent
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5
Q

________________ (enzyme class) transfer a functional group between molecules

A

Transferases

  • Ex. Of functional groups = amino, phosphate
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6
Q

_____________ (enzyme class) rearrange molecules

A

Isomerases

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7
Q

____________ (enzyme class) add or remove atoms to or from a double bond

A

Lyases

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8
Q

_____________ (enzyme class) from bonds with the hydrolysis of ATP

A

Ligases

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9
Q

_______________ (enzyme class) cleave bonds via the addition of water

A

Hydrolases

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10
Q

What is a coupled reaction?

A

An endergonic reaction coupled to an exergonic reaction so the first can occur

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11
Q

Lactate dehydrogenase is in what enzyme class?

A

Oxidoreductases

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12
Q

Nucleoside monophosphate is in what enzyme class?

A

Transferases

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13
Q

Chymotrypsn is in what enzyme class?

A

Hydrolases

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14
Q

Fumarase is in what enzyme class?

A

Lyases

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15
Q

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase is in what enzyme class?

A

Ligases

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16
Q

____________ are enzymes that have the same functions but come from different genes

A

Isozymes

  • Some other enzymes are like this such as troponin in cardiomyocytes
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17
Q

What does the y-intercept on a line weaver burk plot represent?

A

1/Vmax

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18
Q

What does the slope of a lineweaver burk plot represent?

A

Km/max

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19
Q

What does the x-intercept on a lineweaver burk plot represent?

A

-1/Km

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20
Q

Does a higher or lower Km mean the enzyme is speeding up somehow?

A

Lower

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21
Q

Does a higher or lower Km mean the enzyme function is slowing down?

A

Higher

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22
Q

Chymotrypsin is an example of what type of inhibitor?

A

Irreversible

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23
Q

What happens to Vmax and Km during irreversible inhibition?

A

Vmax decreases

Km unchanged

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24
Q

What happens to Vmax and Km during competitive inhibition?

A

Vmax unchanged

Km increased

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25
Q

WHat happens to Vmax and Km in uncompetitive inhibiton?

A

Both decrease

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26
Q

What does an uncompetitive inhibitor bind to?

A

Enzyme-substrate complex only

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27
Q

What happens to the Vmax and Km during noncompetitive inhibition

A

Vmax decreases

Km is unchanged

28
Q

What do noncompetitive inhibitors bind to?

A

Free and substrate-bound enzyme

29
Q

What 3 things does the active site control for substrate binding?

A

Shape, pH and polarity

30
Q

What is the optimal pH for pepsin and trypsin?

A 
Pepsin = 2
Trypsin = 8
31
Q

What is an apoenzyme?

A

Enzyme without cofactor

32
Q

What is a haloenzyme?

A

Cofactor bound + cofactor

33
Q

Chymotrypsin is in what enzyme class?

A

Hydrolases

34
Q

NMP kinase is in what enzyme class?

A

Transferases

35
Q

In a redox reaction is the reducing agent/reductant the donor or acceptor?

A

Donor

36
Q

In a redox reaction is an oxidizing agent/oxidant a donor or acceptor?

A

Acceptor

37
Q

BOth beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate are ketone bodies, which are produced by the liver under conditions of extended fasting. The two ketone bodies are easily intervoncerted depending upon the conditions present within the mito where they are synthesized. The conversion of beta-hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate occurs by what type of reaction?

A

A) oxidation

38
Q

What 2 monomers make up lactose?

A

Glucose and galactose

39
Q

What 2 monomers make up sucrose?

A

Glucose and fructose

40
Q

____________ fats have more H’s, are more caloric and unhealthy

A

Saturated

41
Q

______________ fats have more double bonds, are hard to digest

A

Unsaturated fatty acids

42
Q

_____________ (5 carbon unit) makes steroids

A

Isoprene

** steroids are cholesterol and cholesterol is made up of FAs

43
Q

Name the nonpolar amino acids

A

Ala, Gly, Ile, Leu, Met, Phe, Pro, Trp

44
Q

Name the uncharged polar AAs

A

Asn, Cys, Gln, Ser, Thr

45
Q

Name the negative/acidic polar AAs

A

Asp, Glu

46
Q

Name the positive/basic polar AAs

A

Arg, His

47
Q

What are zwitterions?

A

AAs that have + and - charges at neutral pH

48
Q 
A 31 year old woman, G1, P0 presents to her doc with severe acne and is treated with isotretinoin. She later realizes she was 4 week pregnant. When the baby is born, he has a cleft palate and cardiac abnormalities. The drug used to treat this woman is derived from what?
A) Folic acid 
B) Riboflavin 
C) Retinol 
D) 25-hydroxycholecalciferol 
E) Thiamine
A

C) Retinol

49
Q

Excess vitamin ________ causes hepatic toxicity and arthralgias

A

Vitamin A

50
Q

Excess vitamin ______ causes hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria and patients appear dazed, loss of appetite and possible sarcoidosis

A

Vitamin D

51
Q 
An environmentalist attempted to live in a desolate forest for 6 months, but had to cut his experiment short when he bagan to suffer from bleeding gums, some teeth falling out, and red spots on his thighs and legs. This individual is suffering from an inability to properly synthesize which one of the following proteins?
A) Myoglobin 
B) Hemoglobin
C) Collagen
D) Insulin 
E) Fibrilln
A

C) Collagen

52
Q

Vitamin ______ deficiency is characterized by rickets, osteomalacia, and hypocalcemic tetany due to hypocalcemia

A

Vitamin D

53
Q

What is osteomalacia?

A

The adult form of rickets

54
Q

Vitamin ______ deficiency is characterized by nyctalopia, xerosis cutis, keratomalacia, bitot spots on conjunctive and xerophthalmia

A

A

55
Q

What is nyctalopia?

A

Night blindness

56
Q

What is xerosis cutis?

A

Dry, scaly skin

57
Q

WHat is keratomalacia?

A

Corneal degeneration

58
Q

WHat is xerophthalmia?

A

Dry eyes

59
Q

Scurvy is characterized by a deficiency of what vitamin?

A

Vitamin C

60
Q

What is vitamin C an important Cofactor and without it would cause scurvy?

A

Lysyl hydroxylase

61
Q

What is lysyl hydroxylase responsible for?

A

Collagen assembly

62
Q

Petechiae, ecchymoses, spongy/bleeding gums and poor wound healing are all symptoms of what disease?

A

Scurvy

63
Q

A 36 year old male has a malignant lymphoma involving lymph nodes in the para-aortic region and is treated with a chemotherapeutic agent which results in the loss of individual neoplasticism cells through fragmentation of individual cell nuclei and cytoplasm. This process is known as apoptosis. What in the cell membrane will move to the outer leaflet to signal apoptosis in the cell?

A

Phosphatidylserine

64
Q

A 3 year old girl is brought to the physician because her parents have observed progressive, severe neurological deterioration (mental retardation, seizures, ataxia). Physical examination shows marked hepatosplenomegaly. Deficiency of what enzyme is responsible for the patient’s presentation?

A

Acid sphingomyelinase

Neimann-pick disease

65
Q

What disease is characterized by elevated cholesterol in RBC membrane leading to decreased fluidity so RBC lyse in the spleen

A

Spur cell anemia = hemolytic anemia

66
Q

A 40 year old man arrived to the ER complaining of chest pain, shortness of breath and swelling of the legs. Echocardiography results showed evidence of CHF. The attending physician immediately started him on Digoxin. Which ion transporter/channel is the primary target of this drug?

A

Sodium/potassium ATPase

  • This secondarily effects the sodium/calcium exchanger

Danielle- MCM Test 1 (12 decks)

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