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Anatomy 2 Module 1 > Lecture 1: female and male reproductive systems > Flashcards

Lecture 1: female and male reproductive systems Flashcards

1
Q

somatic cells

A

contain 46 chromosomes

  • 1 copy from mom
  • 1 copy from dad
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2
Q

meiosis

A
  • 2 nuclear division

- restricted to gametogenesis

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3
Q

gametogenesis

A

the development of the male and female gamete (sperm and oocyte)

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4
Q

gamete

A

mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to combine with another of the opposite sex to produce a gamete

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5
Q

first meiotic division

A
  • replication of DNA
  • synapsis (unique)
  • cross over (unique)
  • disjunction (unique)

results in: 2 daughter cells with half the chromosomes
and 2 sets of DNA

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6
Q

synapsis

A

exact pairing of homologous chromosomes (identical portions on each chromosomes match up)

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7
Q

crossing over

A

exchange of chromatid segments between the paired homologous chromosomes

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8
Q

disjunction

A

homologous pairs separate (not sister chromatids)

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9
Q

second meiotic division

A
  • NO DNA replication
  • resembles mitosis (sister chromatids separate)

results: four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes and half the normal amount of DNA – with a recombination of genetic material.

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10
Q

Meiosis and numerical chromosomal abnormalities

A

30-50% of conceptions end in spontaneous abortions and that 50% of these spontaneous abortions have major chromosomal abnormities
usually result from nondysjunction

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11
Q

trisomy

A

extra chromosome when sperm and egg unite (21,18,13)

associated with first meiotic division

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12
Q

monosomy

A

chromosome is missing when egg and sperm unite

associated with second meiotic division

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13
Q

nondisjunction

A

error in cell division

  • failure of chromosomal pair OR two chromatids to disjoin
  • may occur in maternal or paternal gametogenesis
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14
Q

trisomy 21

A
  • broad face with flat bridge nose and wide set eyes
  • hands are broad and have the characteristic transverse single palmer crease
  • hypotonia, heart defects and early onset of Alzheimers’s disease
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15
Q

organs of the female reproductive system

A
  • ovaries
  • oviduct (uterine tube, fallopian tube)
  • uterus and cervix
  • vagina
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16
Q

2 functions of ovaries

A
  • oogenesis (exocrine) production of gametes

- steroidogenesis production of hormones (endocrine)

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17
Q

2 major events that occur in the ovaries

A
  • maturation of the oocyte

- maturation of the ovarian follicle

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18
Q

maturation of the oocyte

A
  • gametes are derived from primordial germ cells (PGC) formed in yolk sac of the developing female embryo- these cells migrate to developing ovary and differentiate into oogonia
  • oogonia undergo mitosis- at 5 months post fertilization there are millions oogonia
  • eventually they differentiate into primary oocytes and lose the ability to undergo mitosis
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19
Q

primary oocytes

A
  • become surrounded by connective tissue cells (follicular cells) of the ovary forming the primordial follicle (first in a sequence of follicles
  • begin the first meiotic division but the division is halted in prophase (of meiosis I).
  • remains arrested until at least adolescence- possibly until the fifth decade of the females life (menopause)
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20
Q

maturation of ovarian follicle

A
  • primordial follicles begin to mature at puberty-under the influence of hormones
  • some of the follicles will be “chosen” each month to grow–> only one (normally) will be ovulated each month
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21
Q

four types of follicles

A
  • primordial follicle
  • primary follicle
  • secondary follicle (atral)
  • mature, Graffian, preovulatory follicle
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22
Q

primordial follicle

A

follicular cells surround the oocyte that is arrested in prophase 1

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23
Q

primary follicle

A
  • onset of puberty: the follicular cells become cuboidal and are now called granulosa cells
  • zona pellucida forms and is important in the fertilization process
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24
Q

secondary follicle (atral)

A

intercellular spaces fill with fluid, a large, single fluid filled antrum is formed

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25
Q

mature, Graffian, preovulatory follicle

A

the oocyte is surrounded zona pellucida and some granulosa cells called the corona radiata

26
Q

day 14 of the menstrual cycle

A

ovulation occurs

the largest, most mature follicle contains the oocyte that will be ovulated

27
Q

coprous luteum

A

forms from the follicle once the mature oocyte, zona pellucida, and corona radiata are released and it produces hormones to maintain pregnancy until placenta takes over

28
Q

what occurs with hormonal surge 36 hours prior to ovulation?

A
  • completion of first meiotic division-result is a polar body and the secondary oocyte
  • will begin meiosis II which is again halted ( the female oocyte will only complete meiosis II if fertilized by the sperm)
29
Q

ovulation occurs when:

A

secondary oocyte, zona pellucida, and corona radiata are released from the mature follicle into the peritoneal cavity

30
Q

corpus luteum

A
  • forms from the follicle (remaining granulosa cells) once the mature oocyte, zona pellucida, and corona radiata are released
  • it produces hormones that target the endometrium to maintain pregnancy until placenta takes over
31
Q

corpus luteum becomes either:

A
  • corpus luteum of pregnancy

- corpus luteum of menstruation

32
Q

corpus albicans

A

fibrous tissue that is reabsorbed over a period of several months
-formed from the corpus luteum of menstruation if pregnancy does not take place

33
Q

uterine tube

A

transport ovum to uterus and nourish zygote

34
Q

parts of the uterine tube

A
  • infundibulum with fimbriae: not attached to the ovary
  • ampulla: where fertilization takes place
  • isthmus
  • intramural
35
Q

mucosal lining of the uterine tube

A

simple columnar epithelium

36
Q

2 cell types in the uterine tube

A
  • ciliated cells

- non ciliated peg cells

37
Q

ciliated cells

A

must numerous in the infundibulum and ampulla- beat toward the uterus

38
Q

non ciliated peg cells

A

secretory cells that produce the fluid that provides nutritive material for the ovum (fertilized egg)

39
Q

2 functions for transport of oocyte to the uterus

A
  • ciliated cells

- muscularis layer of the oviduct

40
Q

uterus

A

hallow shaped organ that receives zygote, site of embryonic and fetal development

41
Q

3 layers of the uterus

A
  • endometrium
  • myometrium: smooth muscle layer
  • perimetrium: serosal layer covering most of the uterus (mesothelium and CT)
42
Q

2 layers of the endometrium

A
  • stratum functionale (functional layer- sloughed off at menstration)
  • stratum basale (basal layer- retained during menstration, regenerates the functional layer)
43
Q

during the menstrual phases the endometrium:

A
  • varies in thickness
  • surface epithelium invaginate to form glands
  • arteries form a rich capillary bed
44
Q

cervix

A
  • part of, but different than body of uterus
  • endometrium does not change during the menstrual cycle, contains mucous producing glands.
  • during the birthing process, the cervix dilates and softens
45
Q

vagina

A
  • joins reproductive organs with external environment

- fibromuscular tube that allows transport of sperm to the uterus, flexibility during the birthing process

46
Q

3 phases of the menstrual cycle

A
  • menstrual phase
  • proliferative phase
  • secretory phase
47
Q

menstrual phase

A

-day 1-4, the functional layer is sloughed off

48
Q

proliferative phase

A

-day 5-14, the functional layer becomes thicker

49
Q

secretory phase

A

-day 15- 28, the functional layer is very thick, the glands are filled with glycogen

50
Q

testis

A
  • paired organs located in scrotum
  • initial development in the abdominal cavity, descend with layers of the wall to the scrotum
  • endocrine (production of testosterone by Lehdig cells) and exocrine (production of sperm) organs
  • surrounded by thick connective tissue capsule that extends into each testis to divide it to lobules
  • each lobules contain seminiferous tubules, in which sperm are produced
51
Q

seminiferous tubules

A
  • lined with cells that develop into sperm in a process called spermatogenesis
  • stem cells divide to produce more sperm
  • extensive remodeling occurs to become morphologically mature
52
Q

spermatogenesis lasts approximately

A

74 days

53
Q

duct system

A
  • duct recti
  • rete testis
  • efferent ductules
  • epididymis
  • ductus (vas) deference
  • ampulla
  • ejaculatory duct
54
Q

duct recti

A

-found at the end of each seminiferous tubules

55
Q

rete testis

A

where the duct recti empties sperm in

56
Q

efferent ductules

A

connectretetestisto the epididymis

57
Q

epididymis

A

where sperm acquire motility and where they “gain ability” to fertilize the egg

58
Q

ductus (vas) deference

A

this is the longest part and extends into the pelvis where it enlarges to form the ampulla

59
Q

ampulla

A

merges with the duct of the seminal vesicle (accessory gland) to form the ejaculatory duct

60
Q

ejaculatory duct

A

enter the prostate gland- the single urethra will now carry the sperm to the external environment (also carries urine)

61
Q

seminal vesicles

A

secrete a fluid rich in fructose

62
Q

prostate gland

A

(largest accessory sex gland) secretes several enzymes

Anatomy 2 Module 1 (6 decks)

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