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PSYC 364 - Cognitive Psychology > Lecture 1 (Ch. 1 Intro + 2 Neuroscience) > Flashcards

Lecture 1 (Ch. 1 Intro + 2 Neuroscience) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is cognition?

A

What the mind does.

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2
Q

What was the first cognitive experiment? And what was it’s take home message?

A

Donders: How long does it take someone to make a decision.
Method: Push button whether left or right side illuminated.
Take home message: We cannot measure the mind directly - we need to measure observable behaviour.

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3
Q

What is structuralism?

A

Wundt’s view. All our sensations combine to make one experience.

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4
Q

What is analytic introspection?

A

Trained process. Describe your experience and thought process in relation to a stimuli.

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5
Q

What was Ebbinghaus’ way to measure cognition?

A

Quantitative measure of memory.

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6
Q

What was Ebbinghaus’ experiment?

A

Memorize a nonsense list of syllables and measured how long it took. Then measured how long it too to forget.
Results: We forgot things very quickly right away - but then forgetting slows down.

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7
Q

What is the black box of cognitive psychology?

A

The problem we have with studying the mind. We cannot directly measure the mind and also in relation to Ebbinghaus’ experiments - we can’t be sure that there weren’t confounding variables.

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8
Q

Why was behaviourism helpful?

A

It only measured behaviour directly.

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9
Q

What were some behaviourism experiments?

A

Pavlov - classical conditioning (Dogs)
Watson - classical conditioning (Little Albert)
Skinner - operant conditioning (reinforcement)

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10
Q

What did Tolman do?

A

Evidenced reemergence of the mind with maze + rat experiment.

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11
Q

What is the information processing approach?

A

The idea that the mind processes in stages. Brought on by the age of the computer.

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12
Q

What did the idea of Artificial intelligence accomplish in psychology?

A

Helped with the information processing approach and Broadbent’s filter model.

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13
Q

What is Broadment’s model?

A

Filter model:

Information enters then is filtered then stored then output.

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14
Q

What are the three stages of cognition?

A

1) Input (Perception, Attention)
2) Storage (Memory and Knowledge)
3) Manipulation and Output (Reasoning, Exec Fx )

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15
Q

What are the two major types of data?

A

Verbal and non-verbal

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16
Q

What is a structural model?

A

Structural models are representations of a physical structure.

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17
Q

What is a process model?

A

Process models represent the processes that are involved in cognitive mechanisms (ex: Broadbent’s filter model)

18
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience?

A

cognitive neuroscience is the study of the physiological basis of cognition

19
Q

Why do we study cognitive neuroscience?

A

To get a fuller idea of how the mind works

20
Q

What are the levels of analysis? And why is it useful?

A 
Molecular
Cellular 
Neurological
Psychological
Social

It’s helpful to look at different viewpoints to understand the topic from all different angles.

21
Q

What are the philosophical implications of neuroscience in relation to cognition?

A

Version of “Materialism” - the state of your brain can demonstrate the state of your mind.
The notion of “intentionality” - Cognition is always “about” something

22
Q

What is the neuron doctrine?

A

The idea that individual cells transmit
signals in the nervous system, and that these cells are not continuous with other cells as
proposed by nerve net theory

23
Q

Explain nerve impulses.

A

Nerve impulses are an all or nothing process. At rest the membrane potential is -70mv (resting potential). When it reaches the threshold of 40mv the nerve will fire and there will be an action potential. This action potential goes from neuron to neuron.

24
Q

What is the principle of neural representation?

A

principle of neural representation states that everything a person experiences is based not on direct contact with stimuli, but on representations in the person’s nervous system.

25
Q

What is specificity coding?

A

One neuron only fires to one stimulus. EX: certain neurons respond to certain orientations

26
Q

What is population coding?

A

A group of neurons firing in specific patterns for a specific stimulus.

27
Q

What is sparse coding?

A

A small amount of neurons firing in a specific pattern for a specific stimulus.

28
Q

Describe the concept localization of function.

A

Different parts of the brain do different things.

29
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Left frontal lobe - related to speech production. People with Broca’s aphasia have trouble producing speech - but understanding is okay.

30
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Left temporal lobe - related to speech comprehension. People with Wernicke’s aphasia have trouble comprehending speech but can produce speech.

31
Q

Cerebral cortex.

A

cognitive functions

32
Q

Occipital lobe

A

vision

33
Q

Temporal lobe

A

audition

34
Q

Parietal lobe

A

touch

35
Q

Frontal lobe

A

receives from all senses - puts it together

36
Q

What is a double dissociation?

A

When damage to one area of the brain causes function A to be absent while function B is present, and damage to another area causes function B to be absent while function A is present.

37
Q

What is neuropsychology?

A

The study of people with brain lesions/damage

38
Q

What is Hebb’s rule?

A

Stimulation increases the strength of synapse (LTP - long-term potentiation)

39
Q

What are some ways we can look at the “normal” brain?

A 
1 - Recording from neurons 
		- Single neurons (e.g., single electrode)
		- Groups of neurons (e.g., EEG, MEG)
2 - Neuroimaging (Brain imaging)
		- Structure (CT, MRI)
		- Function (fMRI, PET, SPECT)
40
Q

What is the idea of distributed representation?

A

The idea that specific cognitive functions activate many areas of the brain

41
Q

What is a neural network?

A

Groups of neurons or structures that are connected together.

PSYC 364 - Cognitive Psychology (9 decks)

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