lecture 1 animal Flashcards
what are the 5 core concepts of biology that relate to animal development and physiology
- structure and function
- evolution
- systems
- information flow
- transformations of energy and matter
structure and function - broad definition
shape and makeup of biological structures affects their function
evolution – broad definition
how functions and structures appeared overtime through evolution, and how they have changed through natural selection
systems - broad definition
all structures have to be interconnected
information flow - broad definition
systems communicate both chemically and electrically (chemical = hormones, electrical = neurons)
transformation of energy and matter - broad definition
energy is needed for out bodies to function – transforming energy for functions
what is an animal? give me the characteristics/classifications
- animals are multicellular
- heterotrophic (obtain energy and nutrients from other organisms)
- lack cell walls
- capable of movement at some stage of development
- hox genes
explain hox genes
this are regulatory genes – all animals have same hox genes (or very similar) – hox genes are the order in which genes are set up that corresponds to different parts of the body in which they will code proteins for (head, trunk region..)
what are the functions animals need to carry out
- reporduction and development
- obtain matter and energy and transport it throughout the body
- gas exchange between internal and extyernal environments
- protection from external environment, or pathogens
- maintenance of water and solute concentrations in the internal environment
- support and movement
- coordination of body functions
how is structure related to function
these structures are organized in an hierarchiel organization from samll to large that relate to function
molecules
organelles
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems
organisms
molecules – examples
base of biological structures – proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids
organelles – examplesa
mitochondria, nucleus
tissues – examples
held together in a matric
- epithelial, muscle, nervous, connective
epithelial tissue
outside of body, lining guts, stomach, mouth
muscle tissue
cardiac
nervous tissue
nerve cells, glia
connective tissue `
combo of cells and fibres, bone, cartilage, blood
organsv – examples
stomach, heart, lungs ..
organ systems example
digestive system – made up of many organs
organisms
many organ systems together
what does structure enable
function
what does a structures physical and chemical characteristic influence
the structures interactions with other structures, and therefore influences its function
explain functional tradeoffs
specialization for one function may limit a structures ability to perform another function – t is impossible to do everything
give an example of functional tradeoffs using caertilage and bone
cartilage is more flexible than bone however less stronger than bone – both support body but in diff ways – through flexibility and strength
what is the best structure for molecules to move between
flat, thin structures – minimize distance, and thin membranes
evolution – function related to structure
through natural selection (favouring likelihood to pass on genes) – organisms becomes adapted to their environment
– evolutionary pressure may alter the function of an animals structure to overcome pressure and sruvive in thios environment, which will increase the fitness and be favoured by natural selection to provide new structure that has that specific function
example of structures for specific environments
grey seal – not well suited to be out of water, but in water very well suited - insulation, blubber to float, etc.
biological structures interact to form complex systems heirarchial organization summary what leads to what
molceules (proteins, lipids, carbs, nucleic acids – organized into organelles – which make up – cells – organized into – tissues – four tissues (epithelial, muscular, connective, nervous) – combine in different ways to form the – organs - -which work together as – organ sysatems – carry out larger functions / physiological functiiions of the – organisms
a change in one component of a netwqork can affect many other componenets – give example
Organ : knee– it is injured
the organ ststems (musculoskeletal system will compensate by shifting weight to side that is not injured – the organisms movement will also compensate by moving.
– in the smaller molecular level – cells will change at the molecular and cellular level and trigger tissue degradation of cartilage.
emergent properties
each level of organixzation has properties not exhibited by lower levels –cells –> tissues… leveling up to structures that can do something the previous structure could not
emergen tproperties example
cardiac muscle (tissue) – contracts – levels up to other tissues – forms the heart – which is organ that pumps – the heart levels up with vessels and blood – forms ciruclatory system – celivers oxygen around body – Muscle alone cannot pump heart, and heart alone cannot deliver O2
all cells must do what (material)
exchange material with the external enviornment (things have to come in and out of cell)
some animals are structurally simple enough that…
all cells are in direct contact with the extewrnal environment
example of small animal
hydra – only is 2 cell layers thick – outer layer is in direct communication with external and inner layer in direct communication with internal
more complicated bodies require organ systems that:
can exchange material with the external environment and can transport material around the body
exchange material with external environment examples
digestive system (outside to inside)
excretory system (waste is expelled iut (kidney – urine)
respiratory (O2 in, CO2 out)
integumentary system (skin – exchange through barrier – water and salt)
transport of material within body
circulatory system
digestive system – why its structure is good for its function
lining of small intestine – where digestion takes place – shape of tissue is very well suited for its role (absorbing nutrients) – lots of surface area and small volume
respiratory system – why structure is good for its function
lung tissue – lining is porous, thin layer – gases are easily able to pass through
excretory system – why structure is good for its function
very xonvoluted structure so allows for cleaning of blood, and gets rid of waste
circulatory system –
interconnected- moves everything through the body (oxygen, nutrients)..
interstitial fluid
fluid between various organs that helps facilitate exchange of nutrients - majority of body is web so exchange is easier
animals have systems that do what and what in their intewrnal and external environments
they percieve and respondf to changes
all perception and response require what
information flow (communication)
forms of communication – what they do
chemical and/or electrical signalling between cells coordinates responses at cellular, tisue, organ, and system levels
what two systems control respponses to stimuli and coordinate body activities
endocrine system (hormones) and nervous system (brain, nerve tissue)
what is homeostasis
maintenance of relativey stable internal environmeny
why is a stable internal environment important
cells have conditions under whioch they function optimally (the best)
example of cells/proteins and what could happen in unstable conditions
enzymes and membranes are sensitive to changes in their surrounding (enzymes can be denatured through changes in pH, difference in heat. fucntion may change,. or may be lost completely)
homeostais relies on what
negative feedback loop
what is negative feedback
control mechanisms in which the response OPPOSES original stimulas (homeostasis, blood sugar regulation)
positive feedbacl
control mechanisms in which the response amplifies the orginical stimulus (giving birth or breastfeeding)
what can change throughout the loife of an animal
physiological parameter set points – stage of life (puvberty), cyclic (menstrual, circadium), response to enviropnmental change (acclimatization (used to certain temperatures))
what do all physiological functions requirte
energy
where do animals get their energy
food is how animals obtain chemical energy and molecular building blocks (amino acids)
chemical energy
sugars, fats, proteins, – energy is stored within bonds – breaking the bond will release the energy
what energy currency unit do animals use
stored chemical energy is converted to ATP – functions everywhere in your body
natural selection favours the evolution of what (think energy)
efficient use of respurces, within constraints)
– organisms have limityed energy and material resources
– When different functions share limited resources, they must be balanced for best results
resource trade-offsexamples - tree lizard example
reduced capacity for wound healing when producing eggs – in favour of reproduction to pass on genes
resource trade off - seal example
eats fish in water but does not digest until it gets back to shore where more oxygen is present.
