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Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Gastrulation

A

The formation of intra-embryonic mesoderm

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2
Q

When does gastrulation occur?

A

14 days after fertilisation

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3
Q

What is the 14 day rule?

A

The restriction of in vitro research on human embryos within the first 14days of development

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4
Q

What are the 4 phases of embryonic development?

A

phases of embryonic development?

  • Growth
  • Morphogenesis
  • Differentiation
  • Mutation
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5
Q

Define Morphogenesis

A

The complex interaction occurring in an order sequence.

Cell movement and cell transformation (EMT, MET) and program cell death

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6
Q

What is the morphogenesis of tissue and organ?

A

The formation of embryonic ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm. Beginning at formation of primitive stream on the disk

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7
Q

What does the embryonic ectoderm consist of?

A

(Outside)

  • epidermis
  • nervous system
  • retina of the eye
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8
Q

What does the embryonic endoderm consist of?

A

embryonic endoderm consist of?
(Inside)
- endothelial lining

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9
Q

What does the embryonic mesoderm consist of?

A

(Middle)

  • smooth muscular coats
  • connective tissue
  • vessels
  • cardiovascular system
  • blood
  • bone marrow
  • reproductive & excretory organs
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10
Q

Embryonic skin development

A

development

  • 4-5 weeks
  • epidermis, dermis and melanocytes
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11
Q

Where is the epidermis derived from?

A

surface ectoderm

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12
Q

Where is the dermis derived from?

A

Mesoderm

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13
Q

Where are melanocytes derived from?

A

neural crest

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14
Q

Cartilage Development

A

5 weeks
Paraxial mesoderm, somites, condensation of mesenchymal cells, chondroblasts, chondrification centres
- hyaline, fibro & elastic

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15
Q

What does embryonic hyaline cartilage develop into?

A

Articular joint

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16
Q

What does embryonic fibro cartilage develop into?

A

Intervertebral disc

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17
Q

What does embryonic elastic cartilage develop into?

A

Respiratory system

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18
Q

Embryonic bone development

A

paraxial mesoderm to form somites

  • membrane sheath
  • condensation of mesenchymal stem cells
  • osteoid matrix deposition
  • vascularisation
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19
Q

What does intra-membranous ossification form?

A

Flat bone

20
Q

What does endochondral ossification form?

A

Long bone

21
Q

Out of flat bone and long bone, which one requires cartilage in its development?

A

Long bone

22
Q

Skeletal muscle development

A

7 weeks

Myotome regions of the somites (mesoderm)

23
Q

Smooth muscle development

A
  • somatic mesoderm = vessels smooth m
  • mesenchymal cells = myoepithelial cells in gland
  • splanchnic mesenchyme = around endoderm
  • remain mononuclear
24
Q

Cardiac muscle development

A

4 weeks

  • lateral spanchnic mesoderm
  • cardiac muscle fibers arise from single cells
25
Q

Peripheral NS development

A

development

  • neural crest cells
  • cranial, spinal visceral nerves & cranial, spinal and autonomic ganglia
  • bipolar of sensory cells
  • satellite cells
  • schwann cells
  • connective tissue outside the capsule
26
Q

What does EMT stand for?

A

epithelial to mesenchymal transition

27
Q

What is EMT involved in?

A

The developmental & oncogenic pathways regulating tumour growth

  • angiogenesis
  • metastasis
  • reprogramming of specific reportoires ascribed to both mesenchymal and epithelial cells
28
Q

what is included in EMT?

A
  • neural crest
  • cardiac cushion cells
  • limb musculature
  • midline of palate
  • dermis of the skin
  • sclerofome
29
Q

What does MET stand for?

A

mesenchymal to epithelial transition

30
Q

What is involved in MET?

A

Transform cells back from mesenchymal to epithelial

  • kidney tubules
  • nephrogenic blastema
  • endocardium
  • somites
31
Q

Name 4 matrix proteins

A
  • fibrous structural proteins
  • specialised proteins
  • proteoglycans
  • matrix degrading enzymes
32
Q

Types of fibrous structural proteins (4)

A

structural proteins (4)

  • collagen
  • laminins
  • fibrinectin
  • elastin
33
Q

Types of specialised proteins (3)

A
  • growth factors
  • small matricellular proteins
  • SIBLINGD
34
Q

Types of Matrix degrading enzymes (3)

A
  • MMPs
  • Serine proteases
  • cysterin protease
35
Q

What are the 6 functions of cells?

A

functions of cells?

  • cell proliferation
  • survival
  • shape
  • migration
  • differentiation
  • organogenesis & regeneration
36
Q

Define stem cell niche

A

a microenvironment within the specific anatomic location stem cells are found, which interacts with stem cells to regulate cell fate

37
Q

What are BMPs?

A

bone morphogenic proteins

38
Q

What are the functions of BMPs?

A
  • binds to heparitin sulfate, heparin, type IV collagen

- regulate cell type specification, maturation, apoptosis, chemotaxis, mitosis, differentiation & ECM production

39
Q

Types of BMPs

A

BMP-2 K/O –> embryonic lethal - heart
BMP-4 K/O –> no mesoderm induction
BMP-7 K/o –> kidney and eye development

40
Q

What are the functions of Caherin (N, E & C)

A

Mediate homophillic interaction during EMT/MET

41
Q

What does N-cadherin K/O cause?

A

cadherin K/O cause?

  • ill-formed somites
  • abnormal neural tubes
  • loosely organised myocardium
  • No EMT
42
Q

What does E-cadherin K/O cause?

A

cadherin K/O cause?

  • MET
  • trophectoderm fail to form
  • basolateral domain of epithelium
43
Q

What is Regenerative medicine?

A

The process of replacing/regenerating human cell, tissues or organs to establish normal function

44
Q

What are the three steps of regenerative medicine?

A
  1. Injection of stem/progenitor cell
  2. Induction of regeneration by introduced substances
  3. transplantation of in vitro grown organ & tissues
45
Q

What are the 3 key components of regenerative medicine?

A
  • genes control program of cell differentiation & proliferation
  • cells produce various matrix
  • matrix served as scaffold for cell growth/differentiation

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