Lecture 1

Question 1

Where is the apex of the heart located?

Answer 1

Midclavicular line in the fifth intercostal space

Question 2

3 layers in arteries

Answer 2

Tunica externa (adventitia) - connective tissue mainly composed of collagen

Tunica media - smooth muscle and external elastic lamina

Tunica intima - endothelial cells

Question 3

Characteristics of large arteries

Answer 3

Thicker elastic lamina - greater recoil therefore withstand greater pressure

Question 4

3 layers of the heart

Answer 4

Epicardium - visceral pericardium (serous membrane)

                   - simple squamous epithelium 
                   - variable layer of adipose tissue + loose connective tissue 

Myocardium - cardiac muscle cells (contraction)
- middle

Endocardium - smooth inner surface
- endothelial cells

Pectinate muscles - muscular ridges in left auricle and right ATRIAL wall

Trabeculae carnae - muscular ridges on inner VENTRICULAR walls

Pericardium - inelastic and fibrous - cannot stretch

Question 5

Atrioventricular valves

Answer 5

Tricuspid

Mitral (bicuspid)

Question 6

Semi lunar valves

Answer 6

Pulmonary valve

Aortic valve

Question 7

Valves during systole

Answer 7

AV valves are closed

SL valves are open