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Immunology Exam 1 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are extracellular microbes?

A

able to survive in animals by growing extracellular being simple immersed in nutrients

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2
Q

What are intracellular microbes?

A

invade and live and replicative intracellular within animal cells where they utilizing host cell energy sources

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3
Q

What can all microbes do?

A

grow, reproduce and infect humans

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4
Q

What is immunity?

A

set of cooperative defense mechanisms which provide protection from various infectious diseases

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5
Q

What are antigens (Ags)?

A

substances that induce an immune response

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6
Q

What can be an Ags?

A

proteins
carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acids

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7
Q

What is an antibody (Ab)?

A

protein produced by the immune system when it detects antigens

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8
Q

What is an epitope?

A

a portion of Ag molecule to which antibody binds

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9
Q

All immunogens are ______, but not all _____ are immunogens.

A

Ags, Ags

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10
Q

What are immunogens?

A

Ags which can stimulate an immune response

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11
Q

What are happens?

A

small Ags that can bind to Abs but can’t initiate immune response

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12
Q

Describe innate immunity

A

First line of defense: works rapidly
give rise to acute inflammation
has some specificity for Ag
no memory

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13
Q

Describe adaptive immunity

A

takes longer to develop
highly specific
shows memory

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14
Q

What are the components of innate immunity?

A 
antimicrobial peptides
complement 
acute phase proteins
cytokines 
chemokines
phagocytes
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15
Q

What are antimicrobial peptides?

A

small peptides which target pathogenic microorganisms ranging from viruses to parasites

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16
Q

What is a complement?

A

system of plasma proteins that enhances the ability of Abs and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from an organism

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17
Q

What are acute phase proteins (APPs)?

A

large group of blood proteins whose plasma concentrations change in response to tissue injury, acute infections, burns, or inflammation

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18
Q

What are cytokines?

A

cell signaling molecules that aid in cell to cell communication in immune responses

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19
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

immune cells that have the ability to ingest and digest microbes

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20
Q

What are the cellular and chemical barriers in adaptive immunity?

A

lymphocytes in epithelia; antibodies secreted at epithelial surfaces

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21
Q

what are blood proteins in adaptive immunity?

A

antibodies, cytokines

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22
Q

What are the cells in adaptive immunity?

A

B and T lymphocytes

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23
Q

What is the specificity in innate immunity?

A

for molecules (Ags) shared by groups of related microbes and molecules produced by damaged host cells

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24
Q

What is the specificity in adaptive immunity?

A

for microbial and nonmicroblal antigens

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25
Q

How is the diversity in innate immunity?

A

limited; germline encoded

26
Q

How is the diversity in adaptive immunity?

A

very large; receptors are produced by somatic recombination of gene segments

27
Q

Is there memory in innate immunity? adaptive?

A

innate: no
adaptive: yes

28
Q

Is there reactivity to self in innate immunity? adaptive?

A

none in both

29
Q

What are the functions of cytokines?

A

regulate growth and differentiation of immune cells

activate the effector functions of lymphocytes and phagocytes

30
Q

Each cytokine acts via a _______ receptor expressed on target cells

A

specific signaling

31
Q

What are chemokines?

A

a subfamily of cytokines secreted by immune cells to induce chemotaxis (movement) in nearby cells

32
Q

Does innate immunity exist before or after infection?

A

before

33
Q

What is the primary function of phagocytes?

A

ingest and destroy microbes and get rid of damaged tissues (scavenger function)

34
Q

What are the steps in function responses of phagocytes?

A
  • recruitment of cells to the sites of infection
  • recognition of and activation by microbes
  • ingestion of the microbes by the process of phagocytes
  • destruction of ingested microbes
35
Q

Neutrophils are produced in the _____ and arise from ____ that also give rise to mononuclear phagocytes

A

bone marrow; precursors

36
Q

The production of neutrophils are stimulated by cytokine called ______

A

granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)

37
Q

An adult human produces more than ____ neutrophils a day

A

1 x 10^11

38
Q

What drives production of of macrophages in the bone marrow?

A

monocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF)

39
Q

dendritic cells are cells of _____ immunity

A

innate

40
Q

What are the two categories of dendritic cells?

A

myeloid DCs (mDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pCDs)

41
Q

macs are derived from ______

A

monocytes

42
Q

Where are mast cells common at?

A

sites in the body that are exposed to the external environment

43
Q

Why are mast cells in close proximity to blood vessels?

A

they can regulate vascular permeability and effector cell recruitment

44
Q

What are the two types of lymphocytes?

A

B cells and T cells

45
Q

Where does the development and maturation of T cells occur?

A

in the thymus

46
Q

When a mature T cell is Ag stimulated, it gives rise to ______

A

cellular immunity

47
Q

Where does the development and maturation of B cells occur?

A

bone marrow

48
Q

What type of immunity does B cells give rise to?

A

humoral

49
Q

What does humoral immunity produce?

A

immunoglobulins

50
Q

what is humoral adaptive immunity?

A

principal defense mechanism against extracellular microbes and their toxins

51
Q

What is the function of cell mediated immunity?

A

killing of infected host cells to eliminate reservoirs of infection

52
Q

In _____ immunity, B lymphocytes secrete Abs that prevent infections and climate extracellular microbes

A

humoral

53
Q

In _____ immunity, T helper cells active macrophages to kill phagocytize microbes, or cytotoxic T lymphocytes to directly destroy infected cells

A

cell mediated

54
Q

What is active immunity?

A

conferred by a host response to a microbe or microbial Ags

55
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

conferred by adoptive transfer of antibodies or T lymphocytes specific for the microbe

56
Q

only ____ immune responses generate immunological memory

A

active

57
Q

what do B lymphocytes do?

A

recognize soluble Ags and develop into Ab secreting cells

58
Q

What do T helper lymphocytes do?

A

recognize Ags on the surfaces of Ag presenting cells and secret cytokines, which stimulate different mechanisms of immunity and inflammation

59
Q

What do cytotoxic T lymphocytes do?

A

recognize Ags on infected cells and kill these cells

60
Q

What do regulatory T cells do

A

suppress and prevent immune response

Immunology Exam 1 (5 decks)

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