Lecture 1

Question 1

what organic molecules primarily make up the body?

Answer 1

oxygen (63%)
hydrogen (25.2%)
carbon (9.5%)
nitrogen (1.4%)

Question 2

what is the information storage for life?

Answer 2

DNA

Question 3

What compounds do all amino acids contain?

Answer 3

O,H,C,N

Question 4

which amino acids contain sulphur?

Answer 4

cysteine and methionine

Question 5

which amino acid contains selenium?

Answer 5

selenocysteine

Question 6

how many bonds do each of the primary organic molecules contain?

Answer 6

Oxygen - 2 bonds
Hydrogen - 1 bond
Carbon - 4 bonds
Nitrogen - 3 bonds
also
Sulfur - 2, but up to 6
Phosphorus - up to 5 bonds

Question 7

what is a covalent bond?

Answer 7

a chemical bond that shares electron pairs between atoms with similar electronegative and the ability to fill their octet to become more stable

Question 8

what is a non polar covalent bond?

Answer 8

a chemical bond formed between same atoms or atoms with similar electronegativity. The difference is usually less than 0.5

Question 9

what is a polar covalent bond?

Answer 9

a chemical bond formed when the atoms of slightly different electronegativity share electrons usually between 0.5 and 1.9.

Question 10

what is the driving force for chemical bonding between atoms

Answer 10

achieving the octet configuration

Question 11

if a c containing molecule gains H atoms or loses O atoms what does it become, oxidized or reduced?

Answer 11

reduced

Question 12

if a c containing molecule loses H atoms or gains O atoms what does it become, oxidized or reduced?

Answer 12

oxidized

Question 13

in terms of considering the pKa value for a functional group, if the pH is lower than the pKa of the group, is the group protonated or deprotonated?

Answer 13

protonated, and deprotonated if the pH value is higher than pKa

Question 14

what kind of molecule is water?

Answer 14

dipolar molecule

Question 15

how can molecules be soluble in water?

Answer 15

they must have charged or polar groups that can interact with the partial positive and negative charges of water

Question 16

what are polar groups called?

Answer 16

hydrophilic water soluble

Question 17

what are non polar groups called?

Answer 17

hydrophobic non soluble

Question 18

acid and alcohol form?

Answer 18

ester

Question 19

acid and sulfhydryl form?

Answer 19

thioester

Question 20

acid and amine form?

Answer 20

amide

Question 21

phosphoric acid and alcohol form?

Answer 21

phosphoester

Question 22

acid and acid form?

Answer 22

anhydride

Question 23

what are the 5 common biochemistry reactions?

Answer 23

group transfer, cleavage, condensation, rearrangement, oxidation-reduction

Question 24

what is a group transfer?

Answer 24

part of one molecule is transferred to another, glycolysis (phosphorylation of glucose)

Question 25

what is cleavage?

Answer 25

a molecule is split into pieces, gluconeogenesis (hydrolysis of glucose-6-phosphate)

Question 26

what is condensation?

Answer 26

molecules are joined and water is produced, protein synthesis (the formation of a peptide bond)

Question 27

what is rearrangement?

Answer 27

bond structure changed forming a new molecule, gluconeogensis (conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to dihroxyacetone phosphate)

Question 28

oxidation-reduction?

Answer 28

electrons lost or gained, TCA cycle (oxidation of succinate to fumigate and of ethanol to acetaldehyde)

Question 29

what type of biochemistry reaction do you have when you have the phosphorylation of glucose?

Answer 29

group transfer

Question 30

what type of biochemistry reaction do you have when you have the hydrolysis of glucose-6-phosphate?

Answer 30

cleavage

Question 31

what type of biochemistry reaction do you have when you have the formation of a peptide bond ?

Answer 31

condensation

Question 32

what type of biochemistry reaction do you have when you have the conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to dihroxyacetone phosphate?

Answer 32

rearrangement

Question 33

what type of biochemistry reaction do you have when you have the oxidation of succinate to fumigate and of ethanol to acetaldehyde

Answer 33

oxidation-reduction

Question 34

isomers that have the same molecular formula and connectivity but differ in the position of the atoms in space. They cannot be interconverted by rotation around a single bond?

Answer 34

stereoisomers

Question 35

in terms of stereochemistry, a counterclockwise direction is?

Answer 35

S rotation

Question 36

in terms of stereochemistry, a clockwise direction is?

Answer 36

R rotation

Question 37

Stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other are?

Answer 37

enantiomers

Question 38

Pairs of isomers that have opposite configurations at one or more chiral centers but are NOT mirror images are?

Answer 38

diastereomers

Question 39

Two sugars that differ in configuration at only one chiral center are?

Answer 39

epimers

Question 40

isomers that have the same formula and connectivity but differ in the position of the atoms in space (3-D orientation)

Answer 40

Stereoisomer

Question 41

a molecule with the same molecular formula as another molecule, but with a different chemical structure (constitutional isomerism)

Answer 41

Isomer

Question 42

Carboxyl’s have pKa values around 2-3. So, for physiological pH values of 7.2-7.3, the pH is greater than the pKa, so the carboxyl group will be deprotonated or protonated?

Answer 42

deprotonated

Question 43

Amines have pKa values around 9-10. So for physiological pH values of 7.2-7.3, the pH is less than the pKa, so the amine group will be deprotonated or protonated?

Answer 43

protonated