Lecture 1-7

Question 1

Sociology

Answer 1

the systematic study of a society

Question 2

society

Answer 2

refers to human groupings that share the same geographic area

Question 3

3 main focuses of sociology

Answer 3

social inequality
social instutions
social change

Question 4

Hoschschild

Answer 4

states that human emotions are in a large part social
she argues that each culture provide us with prototypes of feeling which like different keys on a piano, attune us to different inner notes

Question 5

The power of social forces

Answer 5

moving from the individual level to social explanations of behaviour

Question 6

Emile Durkheim

Answer 6

object of study: social fact
wanted to put suicide, how many people commit suicide based on where they live
wanted to show that this rate in each country varied systematically based on many variables (religion,family and income)
Overall, wanted to prove that there are certain things that keep people in order and what factors in society led to this

Question 7

Social Fact

Answer 7

values, customs. norms that pushes us in a certain direction that can be material/non-material
langauge is a material social fact (dictionary)

Question 8

Durkheim’s Suicide

Answer 8

suicide rates are due to differences in social facts

Question 9

2 External Factors

Answer 9

Integration (strength of attachment to society)
regulation (degree of external constraint on people)

Question 10

Egotistical

Answer 10

low interaction/belonging to a group
suicide rates were higher in protestant countries than they were in catholic countries as Catholicism is better at integrating people in society

Question 11

Altruistic

Answer 11

high integration
people in military, sense of feeling in a group so you are more willing to sacrifice yourself

Question 12

Anomic

Answer 12

low regulation
people getting away with certain things

Question 13

Fatalistic

Answer 13

high regulation

Question 14

4 Types of Suicide

Answer 14

Egotistical
Altruistic
Anomic
Fatalistic

Question 15

Structural Functionalsim

Answer 15

explains how society functions effectively and looks at how different structures or institutions work together to create social cohesion

Question 16

Conflict Theory

Answer 16

human behaviour and social results from the underlying concept that there is conflict between competing groups

Question 17

Karl Marx

Answer 17

understood society as being based on the conflict between social classes
some individuals and groups have more power than others and that the struggle over power is a key element of social life

Question 18

Melvin Kohn

Answer 18

examined how parental social class shapes the values that parents encourage in their children

Question 19

Melvin Kohn Findings

Answer 19

differences when comparing values emphasized by mothers from these two groups

Question 20

Middle Class Mothers

Answer 20

middle class mothers were more likely to focus on the importance of values that led to conformity among their children

Question 21

Working Class

Answer 21

emphasized the importance of values that led to conformity among their children
(neatness and obedience)

Question 22

Herbert Blumer

Answer 22

symbolic interactionism contains three basic premises:
1) humans act towards things based on the meanings they assign to them
2) meaning is derived from social interactions
3) people use an interpretative process to understand and modify meanings

Question 23

Charles Horton Cooley

Answer 23

looking glass self:
imagine how others see us, how others judge our appearance and refinance this appearance is based on how we interpret these judgments

Question 24

Frank Furstenberg

Answer 24

coined the term of early childhood
no longer teenagers, but not ready yet to assume the full responsibilities of an adult

Question 25

Elijah Anderson

Answer 25

interpersonal violence and aggression in black communities
code of the street: informal rules governing public behaviour including violence

Question 26

Deviance

Answer 26

acts that break accepted social standards

Question 27

Deviance (Durkeim)

Answer 27

crime and deviance were necessary, functional and even good for society

Question 28

4 Functions of deviance

Answer 28

1) affirms cultural norms and values
2) deviant acts helps individuals understand what is wrong and what is right
3) responding to deviance helps unite individuals in society
4) deviance encourages social change

Question 29

Social structures

Answer 29

boundaries places on individual and collective action
rules (informal/formal)
resources

Question 30

Social status

Answer 30

a person’s or groups positions within a large group or society

Question 31

Social roles

Answer 31

the set of expectations about the behaviour and attitudes of people who occupy a particular social status

Question 32

Groups

Answer 32

Two or more people with similar values and expectations with interact with one another on a regular basis

Question 33

Networks

Answer 33

a series of social relationships that link you directly to other individuals and indirectly to even more people

Question 34

Institutions

Answer 34

enduring practices and rules that organize a central domain of life

Question 35

Individual

Answer 35

ability to act(agency) and sense of self (idenitity)

Question 36

Agency

Answer 36

our capacity to act, given the structural rules and resources that impact our behaviour

Question 37

Identity

Answer 37

process of naming and placing it on ourselves

Question 38

3 Main Theoretical perspectives on the relationship between structure and individual

Answer 38

Macro: structural functionalism, conflict theory
Micro: social construction

Question 39

Howard Becker

Answer 39

social, rather than individual explanation for behaviour of drug use that is labelled as deviant

Question 40

Strain theory

Answer 40

individual’s goals and opportunities for success do no match

Question 41

Subcultural theory

Answer 41

criminal organizations are subcultures with norms and values different from those of a larger culture

Question 42

Learning theory

Answer 42

extension of strain and subcultural theory
people you interact with, teach you how to act

Question 43

Control theory

Answer 43

weak social control can lead individuals to engage in deviant or criminal acts

Question 44

Labeling theory

Answer 44

how we respond to deviant or criminal acts can give us a reputation

Question 45

Class Conlfict

Answer 45

bourgeoisie (capitalists/capital): people who own the means of production
proletariat (workers/labour):
own the will power to run the machine and does this for an exchange for wage)

Question 46

Exploitations (surplus value)

Answer 46

earning more because paying workers less than you make

Question 47

Ideology

Answer 47

a system of conscious and unconcious ides that shape a persons or groups objectives. expectations and actions

Question 48

Thomas Piketty

Answer 48

testing Marx with data
documentation of evolution of income and wealth
theory of capitalism
he tries to prove real wealth is concentrated in a very few families, who will keep getting richer unless war or revolution intervenes.
takes a small part of data in a time frame and generalizes it

Question 49

Simon Kuznets

Answer 49

capitalism does not always generate income distribution

Question 50

Max Weber

Answer 50

three main sources of conflict: economic, social, and political.

This theory focuses on the competition between social groups, rather than individuals, and attempts to explain social change and stability as a result of group conflict

Question 51

Status Group

Answer 51

a group that is based on social honour or prestige and that has a style of life

Question 52

Honour

Answer 52

refers to any distinction, respect or esteem that is accorded to an individual