Lecture 1

Question 1

Microorganisms

Answer 1

Found everywhere
Some can cause disease
Lack complexity

Question 2

Prokaryotic

Answer 2

cells lack a true membrane-delimited nucleus

Question 3

Eukaryotic

Answer 3

membrane-enclosed nucleus
complex
larger

Question 4

Bacteria

Answer 4

Single celled
peptidoglycan wall
membrane bound nucleus
can live in extreme environments

Question 5

Archaea

Answer 5

unique ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequences
Lack peptidoglycan in cell walls
unique membrane lipids
extreme environments

Question 6

Eukarya

Answer 6

Comprised of Protists and fungi

Question 7

Protists

Answer 7

Generally larger than Bacteria and Archaea
Algae – Photosynthetic
Protozoa – May be motile, “hunters, grazers”
Slime molds – Two life cycle stages
Water molds – Devastating disease in plants

Question 8

Fungi

Answer 8

Yeast – Unicellular

Mold – Multicellular

Question 9

Acellular Infectious Agents

Answer 9

Prions
Viroids and virusoids
Viruses

Question 10

Viruses

Answer 10

Smallest of all microbes
Requires host cell to replicate
Cause range of diseases, some cancers

Question 11

Viroids and virusoids

Answer 11

Infectious agents composed of RNA

Question 12

Prions

Answer 12

Infectious proteins

Question 13

Origins of Life

Answer 13

Swartkoppie chert

Fossil record sparse

Question 14

Swartkoppie chert

Answer 14

Granular silica deposits

Question 15

Earliest Molecules - RNA

Answer 15

Original molecule must have fulfilled protein and hereditary function
Ribozymes

Question 16

Ribozymes

Answer 16

RNA molecules that perform cellular work

Question 17

16S rRNA

Answer 17

1,500 nucleotide RNA molecule

Question 18

Hyper variable regions

Answer 18

Different in every species (16S Ribosomal RNA)

Question 19

Highly conserved regions

Answer 19

Identical in all species (16S Ribosomal rRNA)

Question 20

Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA)

Answer 20

Archaea and Eukarya evolved independently of Bacteria

Archaea and Eukarya diverged from common ancestry

Question 21

evolution

Answer 21

leads to diversity

Question 22

Mutation

Answer 22

genetic material led to selected traits

Question 23

Discovery of Microorganisms

Answer 23

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

Question 24

Spontaneous generation

Answer 24

Idea that living organisms (microbes) can develop from nonliving or decomposing matter

Question 25

Miasma theory

Answer 25

Disease caused by foul air and bad smells

Question 26

Robert Koch

Answer 26

Established the relationship between Bacillus anthracis and anthrax
These criteria now known as Koch’s postulates

Question 27

Taxonomy

Answer 27

Classification
Nomenclature
Identification

Question 28

Classification

Answer 28

arrangement of organisms into groups (taxa; s., taxon)

Question 29

Nomenclature

Answer 29

assignment of names to taxa

Question 30

Identification

Answer 30

determination of taxon to which an isolate belongs

Question 31

Taxonomic Ranks - 1

Answer 31

Highest rank is domain
Bacteria and Archaea – microbes only
Eukarya – microbes and macroorganisms

Question 32

Within domain

Answer 32

Phylum, class, order, family, genus, species (some microbes have subspecies)

Question 33

Species

Answer 33

population of cells with similar characteristics”

Question 34

Strain

Answer 34

group of cells derived from a single cell”