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Gen Bio > Lecture 1 - 6 Review > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - 6 Review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define organic chemistry

A

The study of compounds containing carbon

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2
Q

Define hydrocarbons

A

Organic molecules consisting of only hydrogen and carbon

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3
Q

Define isomers

A

Organic compounds with the same formula but different structures and properties

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4
Q

Recall functional groups

A

Hydroxyl
Carbonyl
Carboxyl
Sulfhydryl
Amino
Phosphate
Methyl

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5
Q

Describe the makeup of carbohydrates

A

Carbohydrates include sugars and polymers as sugars

Monosaccharides or simple sugars
- monomer from which more complex carbohydrates are built

Disaccharides
- double sugars
- consists of two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond

Carbohydrates macromolecules are polymers called polysaccharides composed of many monomers

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6
Q

Describe the functions of carbohydrates

A

Fuel source- important source of energy when oxidized. Eg. Glucose and fructose

Energy source - starch in plants / glycogen in animals. Eg. Liver and muscle

Structural - cell wall of plants ( cellulose) and bacteria ( peptidoglycan); cell wall of fungi and exoskeleton ( chittin)

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7
Q

Simple sugars are made up of

A

3-7 carbons
A carbonyl group
Multiple hydroxyl

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8
Q

Aldose

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
@ the end
carboxyl group

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9
Q

Ketose

A

Carbon and oxygen
Mostly middle
Carbonyl group

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10
Q

Amylose vs. Amylopectin

A

Amylose is a straight chain polymer of D-glucose units

Amylopectin is a branched chain polymer of D- glucose units

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11
Q

Disaccharides

A

Maltose - glucose + glucose
Sucrose - glucose + fructose
Lactose - glucose + galactose

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12
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Starch - amylose + amylopectin
Glycogen
Cellulose
Chitin

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13
Q

Describe the makeup of lipids

A

Lipids are short molecules and do not form polymers

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14
Q

Important forms of lipids

A
  • Fats
  • phospholipids
  • steroids
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15
Q

Functions / significance of lipids

A
  • Fuel source when oxidized. Eg. Fatty acids
  • energy source
  • structural - phospholipids, cholesterol and glycolipids in cell membranes
  • cell communication - act as tags for cell recognition
  • hormones
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16
Q

What are fats made from?

A

Two smaller molecules:
- glycerol - 3 carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group on each carbon
- fatty acids- carboxyl attached to a long carbon skeleton

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17
Q

Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated fats

A

Saturated fats:
- no double bonds
- has many hydrogens

Unsaturated fats
- has one or more double bonds
- fewer hydrogens

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18
Q

Protein functions

A

Enzymatic proteins - acceleration of chemical reactions
Defensive proteins - protection against diseases
Storage proteins - storage of amino acids
Transport proteins - transport of substances
Hormonal proteins - coordinations of an organisms activities
Contractile and motor proteins - movement
Receptor proteins -response of cell to chemical stimuli
Structural proteins - support

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19
Q

Amino acid with a non-polar R( side chain)

A

hydrophobic

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20
Q

The helix and plated structure

A

Is the result of hydrogen bonds

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21
Q

Discus the cell

A

Cells are the basic structural and function unit of every organism

Two types of cells:
Prokaryotic - bacteria and archaea
Eukaryotic- plants, protist, animals, fungi

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22
Q

All cells have:

A
  • A plasma membrane (a selective barrier)
  • cutosol (A semi fluid substance)
  • chromosomes (contains genes in the form of DNA)
  • ribosomes ( tiny complexes that make proteins according to instructions given by genes
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23
Q

The nucleus

A

-Present only in eukaryotic cells
- contains most genes
- directs protein synthesis by synthesizing MRNA

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24
Q

The chromosomes

A
  • One long DNA molecule and many histones (protein)
  • made up of chromatin
  • humans have 216 chromosomes, 23 in sex cells
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25
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • Made of ribosomal RNA’s and proteins
  • cellular components that carry out protein synthesis
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26
Q

ribosomes build proteins in two cytoplasmic regions

A

-The cytosol ( free ribosomes suspended in the cytosol)
- attached to the outside of the nuclear envelope within the endoplasmic reticulum

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27
Q

The endomembrane system

A
  • Nuclear envelope - separate the nucleus from cytoplasm
  • the endoplasmic reticulum - many roles
  • the gold apparatus - receiving and shipping warehouse
  • the lysosomes - digestion of macromolecules
  • vesicle and vacuoles - transport of proteins
  • plasma membrane - alot
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28
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum ( Er )

A

Smooth Er:
- lacks ribosomes
- lipid synthesis
- detoxification
- calcium storage

Rough Er:
- studded with bound ribosomes
- protein synthesis
- produces glycoproteins

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29
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Molecules made up of protein and carbohydrate chains that are involved in the cell’s immune activation system.

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30
Q

What do glycoproteins produce?

A

Mucus to protect various organs

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31
Q

Glycoproteins: good to know

A

Blood grouping depends on the type of glycoprotein on the surface of red blood cells

32
Q

Types of glycoproteins

A

Type:
- A- type A glycoprotein
- B- type B glycoprotein
- AB - they have both ( universal acceptors)
- O- they have neither ( universal donor)

33
Q

Free ribosomes

A

Ribosomes that are suspended in the cytosol

Proteins are delivered to the appropriate organelle after their synthesis

34
Q

Bounded ribosomes

A

Ribosomes located on the rough Er.

Proteins are delivered to the plasma membrane and / or secreted outside the cell.

35
Q

Golgi apparatus (GA)

A

The receiving and shipping warehouse of the cell.

Proteins produced on the Er are stored in the GA then sent out to other cells

They tag the proteins with a phosphate group

GA also produces polysaccharides secreted by cells

36
Q

Lysosomes

A

Sacs of enzymes that many eukaryotic cells use to digest ( hydrolyze ) macromolecules

They work well in acidic environments

37
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Breaking down of external pathogens

It’s initiated by cell surface receptors Threats

Outcome: elevation of extracellular

38
Q

Autophagy

A

Breaking down intercellular components

Initiated by cellular stress or damage signals

Outcome: recycling of internal cellular components

39
Q

Vacuoles

A

Large vessels from the Er and GA used to transport proteins to specific sites inside or outside the cell

40
Q

Functions of vacuoles

A

Food vacuoles - form by phagocytosis

Contractile vacuoles - pump out water to maintain ion concentration

Central vacuoles - found in mature plant cells to hold water and organic compounds

Hydrolysis vacuoles - there are no lysosomes in plant cells, their role is done by this type of vacuole

41
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplast

A

They convert energy into forms that cells can use

Smooth outer membrane

Found in eukaryotic cells

Enzymes act as catalyst

Matrix has enzymes, mito DNA and ribosomes

Most cellular respirations happens in the matrix and inner membrane

42
Q

Chloroplast

A

Site of photosynthesis

Convert solar energy to chemical energy

Found in plants and algae

43
Q

The cytoskeleton

A

A network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm

Supports and maintains the shape of the cell

44
Q

Types of molecular structure

A

-Microtubules
- microfilaments on actin filaments
- intermediate filaments

45
Q

Microtubules

A

Hallow rods constructed from proteins called tubulins ( alpha tubulin and beta tubulin )

Acts as a track so organelles equipped with motor proteins can move

46
Q

Cilia

A

Cellular extension composed of microtubules anchored in the cell by a basal body

Found in some eukaryotic cells

Motile cilia - locomotor

Non motile cilia - antenna

47
Q

Flagella

A

Thread like on the surface (contains microtubules )

Less in number than cilia

Wave like movement

Found in both cells

Helps in locomotion ( movement)

48
Q

Microfilaments

A
  • Made up of actin ( globular protein)
  • present in eukaryotic cells
  • structural role- to tolerate tension and help support cell’s shape
49
Q

Intermediate filaments

A
  • Found in some animals ( vertebrates)
  • supports cell shape and fix organelles in place
  • most permanent exoskeleton fixture
50
Q

Relate the functioning of the plasma membrane

A

-Some substances are able to cross easier than other this is due to its selective permeability

  • made up of a double layer of phospholipids, proteins and few carbohydrates
  • must be fluid to maintain and protect membrane integrity
51
Q

Three main factors that affect membrane fluidity

A
  • Temperature
  • fatty acid composition
  • cholesterol
52
Q

Temperature and membrane fluidity

A

High temperature = decrease fluidity

Low temperature = increase fluidity

53
Q

Integrate proteins

A
  • Transmembrane proteins
  • span the entire membrane
  • both inner and outer leaflet
54
Q

Peripheral proteins

A
  • Loosely bound to the surface of the membrane or to the exposed parts of integral proteins
  • inner leaflet
55
Q

Membrane carbohydrates chains are found

A

On the outer leaflet - key role in cell recognition

56
Q

Carbohydrates chain attached to

A

Proteins - glycoproteins

Phospholipids - glycolipids

57
Q

Discuss the transport of elements through the cell membrane

A

Passive process:
- requires no energy
- simple diffusion
- facilitated diffusion
- osmosis

Active process:
- requires energy
- primary active transport
- secondary active transport
- bulk transport
- endocytosis
- exocytosis

58
Q

Passive transport

A

Substances move down their concentration gradient ( area of high to low)

59
Q

Active transport

A

Move substances against their concentration gradient (area of low to high)

60
Q

Tonieity

A

Ability of surrounding solution to cause a cell to lose or gain water

61
Q

Isotonic

A

Concentration is the same as in the cell (no movement)

62
Q

Hypertonic

A

Concentration is greater than in the cell ( lost)

63
Q

Hypotonic

A

Concentration is less than in the cell (gain)

64
Q

Primary active transport

A

Energy of ATP hydrolysis is used to transport substance against it’s gradient

Allows cell to mountain concentration gradient

Helps establish membrane potential

65
Q

One type of pump

A

Sodium / potassium - Na+ /K+

66
Q

Mammals have a greater concentration of______________ and lower concentration of_______________.

A

K+ ions
NA+

67
Q

Plasma membrane pumps

A

NA+ out
K+ In

68
Q

Proton pump

A

Main electronic pump of plants, fungi and bacteria

Transports H+ out of the cell

Transfers positive charge from cytoplasm to extracellular solution

69
Q

Membrane potential

A

Stores electrical potential charge, due to separation of positive and negative charge

70
Q

Cytoplasmic side

A

Is negative relative to the extracellular, due to unequal distribution

71
Q

Energy is released when

A

Positive energy moves through potential difference

72
Q

Bulk transport

A
  • Requires energy
  • moves macromolecules cross the membrane
  • moves via vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
73
Q

Endocytosis

A
  • Intake of materials
  • opposite of endo
  • uses different proteins
74
Q

Endocytosis types:

A
  • Phagocytosis
  • pinocytosis
  • receptor-mediated endocytosis
75
Q

Exocytosis

A
  • Expelling of material
  • eg. Release of hormones and enzymes
  • secretory cells use exocytosis to export products

Gen Bio (6 decks)

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