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Gen Bio > Lecture 1 - 6 Review > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - 6 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Define organic chemistry

A

The study of compounds containing carbon

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2
Q

Define hydrocarbons

A

Organic molecules consisting of only hydrogen and carbon

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3
Q

Define isomers

A

Organic compounds with the same formula but different structures and properties

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4
Q

Recall functional groups

A

Hydroxyl
Carbonyl
Carboxyl
Sulfhydryl
Amino
Phosphate
Methyl

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5
Q

Describe the makeup of carbohydrates

A

Carbohydrates include sugars and polymers as sugars

Monosaccharides or simple sugars
- monomer from which more complex carbohydrates are built

Disaccharides
- double sugars
- consists of two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond

Carbohydrates macromolecules are polymers called polysaccharides composed of many monomers

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6
Q

Describe the functions of carbohydrates

A

Fuel source- important source of energy when oxidized. Eg. Glucose and fructose

Energy source - starch in plants / glycogen in animals. Eg. Liver and muscle

Structural - cell wall of plants ( cellulose) and bacteria ( peptidoglycan); cell wall of fungi and exoskeleton ( chittin)

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7
Q

Simple sugars are made up of

A

3-7 carbons
A carbonyl group
Multiple hydroxyl

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8
Q

Aldose

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
@ the end
carboxyl group

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9
Q

Ketose

A

Carbon and oxygen
Mostly middle
Carbonyl group

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10
Q

Amylose vs. Amylopectin

A

Amylose is a straight chain polymer of D-glucose units

Amylopectin is a branched chain polymer of D- glucose units

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11
Q

Disaccharides

A

Maltose - glucose + glucose
Sucrose - glucose + fructose
Lactose - glucose + galactose

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12
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Starch - amylose + amylopectin
Glycogen
Cellulose
Chitin

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13
Q

Describe the makeup of lipids

A

Lipids are short molecules and do not form polymers

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14
Q

Important forms of lipids

A
  • Fats
  • phospholipids
  • steroids
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15
Q

Functions / significance of lipids

A
  • Fuel source when oxidized. Eg. Fatty acids
  • energy source
  • structural - phospholipids, cholesterol and glycolipids in cell membranes
  • cell communication - act as tags for cell recognition
  • hormones
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16
Q

What are fats made from?

A

Two smaller molecules:
- glycerol - 3 carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group on each carbon
- fatty acids- carboxyl attached to a long carbon skeleton

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17
Q

Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated fats

A

Saturated fats:
- no double bonds
- has many hydrogens

Unsaturated fats
- has one or more double bonds
- fewer hydrogens

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18
Q

Protein functions

A

Enzymatic proteins - acceleration of chemical reactions
Defensive proteins - protection against diseases
Storage proteins - storage of amino acids
Transport proteins - transport of substances
Hormonal proteins - coordinations of an organisms activities
Contractile and motor proteins - movement
Receptor proteins -response of cell to chemical stimuli
Structural proteins - support

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19
Q

Amino acid with a non-polar R( side chain)

A

hydrophobic

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20
Q

The helix and plated structure

A

Is the result of hydrogen bonds

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21
Q

Discus the cell

A

Cells are the basic structural and function unit of every organism

Two types of cells:
Prokaryotic - bacteria and archaea
Eukaryotic- plants, protist, animals, fungi

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22
Q

All cells have:

A
  • A plasma membrane (a selective barrier)
  • cutosol (A semi fluid substance)
  • chromosomes (contains genes in the form of DNA)
  • ribosomes ( tiny complexes that make proteins according to instructions given by genes
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23
Q

The nucleus

A

-Present only in eukaryotic cells
- contains most genes
- directs protein synthesis by synthesizing MRNA

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24
Q

The chromosomes

A
  • One long DNA molecule and many histones (protein)
  • made up of chromatin
  • humans have 216 chromosomes, 23 in sex cells
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25
Ribosomes
- Made of ribosomal RNA's and proteins - cellular components that carry out protein synthesis
26
ribosomes build proteins in two cytoplasmic regions
-The cytosol ( free ribosomes suspended in the cytosol) - attached to the outside of the nuclear envelope within the endoplasmic reticulum
27
The endomembrane system
- Nuclear envelope - separate the nucleus from cytoplasm - the endoplasmic reticulum - many roles - the gold apparatus - receiving and shipping warehouse - the lysosomes - digestion of macromolecules - vesicle and vacuoles - transport of proteins - plasma membrane - alot
28
Endoplasmic reticulum ( Er )
Smooth Er: - lacks ribosomes - lipid synthesis - detoxification - calcium storage Rough Er: - studded with bound ribosomes - protein synthesis - produces glycoproteins
29
Glycoproteins
Molecules made up of protein and carbohydrate chains that are involved in the cell's immune activation system.
30
What do glycoproteins produce?
Mucus to protect various organs
31
Glycoproteins: good to know
Blood grouping depends on the type of glycoprotein on the surface of red blood cells
32
Types of glycoproteins
Type: - A- type A glycoprotein - B- type B glycoprotein - AB - they have both ( universal acceptors) - O- they have neither ( universal donor)
33
Free ribosomes
Ribosomes that are suspended in the cytosol Proteins are delivered to the appropriate organelle after their synthesis
34
Bounded ribosomes
Ribosomes located on the rough Er. Proteins are delivered to the plasma membrane and / or secreted outside the cell.
35
Golgi apparatus (GA)
The receiving and shipping warehouse of the cell. Proteins produced on the Er are stored in the GA then sent out to other cells They tag the proteins with a phosphate group GA also produces polysaccharides secreted by cells
36
Lysosomes
Sacs of enzymes that many eukaryotic cells use to digest ( hydrolyze ) macromolecules They work well in acidic environments
37
Phagocytosis
Breaking down of external pathogens It's initiated by cell surface receptors Threats Outcome: elevation of extracellular
38
Autophagy
Breaking down intercellular components Initiated by cellular stress or damage signals Outcome: recycling of internal cellular components
39
Vacuoles
Large vessels from the Er and GA used to transport proteins to specific sites inside or outside the cell
40
Functions of vacuoles
Food vacuoles - form by phagocytosis Contractile vacuoles - pump out water to maintain ion concentration Central vacuoles - found in mature plant cells to hold water and organic compounds Hydrolysis vacuoles - there are no lysosomes in plant cells, their role is done by this type of vacuole
41
Mitochondria and chloroplast
They convert energy into forms that cells can use Smooth outer membrane Found in eukaryotic cells Enzymes act as catalyst Matrix has enzymes, mito DNA and ribosomes Most cellular respirations happens in the matrix and inner membrane
42
Chloroplast
Site of photosynthesis Convert solar energy to chemical energy Found in plants and algae
43
The cytoskeleton
A network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm Supports and maintains the shape of the cell
44
Types of molecular structure
-Microtubules - microfilaments on actin filaments - intermediate filaments
45
Microtubules
Hallow rods constructed from proteins called tubulins ( alpha tubulin and beta tubulin ) Acts as a track so organelles equipped with motor proteins can move
46
Cilia
Cellular extension composed of microtubules anchored in the cell by a basal body Found in some eukaryotic cells Motile cilia - locomotor Non motile cilia - antenna
47
Flagella
Thread like on the surface (contains microtubules ) Less in number than cilia Wave like movement Found in both cells Helps in locomotion ( movement)
48
Microfilaments
- Made up of actin ( globular protein) - present in eukaryotic cells - structural role- to tolerate tension and help support cell's shape
49
Intermediate filaments
- Found in some animals ( vertebrates) - supports cell shape and fix organelles in place - most permanent exoskeleton fixture
50
Relate the functioning of the plasma membrane
-Some substances are able to cross easier than other this is due to its selective permeability - made up of a double layer of phospholipids, proteins and few carbohydrates - must be fluid to maintain and protect membrane integrity
51
Three main factors that affect membrane fluidity
- Temperature - fatty acid composition - cholesterol
52
Temperature and membrane fluidity
High temperature = decrease fluidity Low temperature = increase fluidity
53
Integrate proteins
- Transmembrane proteins - span the entire membrane - both inner and outer leaflet
54
Peripheral proteins
- Loosely bound to the surface of the membrane or to the exposed parts of integral proteins - inner leaflet
55
Membrane carbohydrates chains are found
On the outer leaflet - key role in cell recognition
56
Carbohydrates chain attached to
Proteins - glycoproteins Phospholipids - glycolipids
57
Discuss the transport of elements through the cell membrane
Passive process: - requires no energy - simple diffusion - facilitated diffusion - osmosis Active process: - requires energy - primary active transport - secondary active transport - bulk transport - endocytosis - exocytosis
58
Passive transport
Substances move down their concentration gradient ( area of high to low)
59
Active transport
Move substances against their concentration gradient (area of low to high)
60
Tonieity
Ability of surrounding solution to cause a cell to lose or gain water
61
Isotonic
Concentration is the same as in the cell (no movement)
62
Hypertonic
Concentration is greater than in the cell ( lost)
63
Hypotonic
Concentration is less than in the cell (gain)
64
Primary active transport
Energy of ATP hydrolysis is used to transport substance against it's gradient Allows cell to mountain concentration gradient Helps establish membrane potential
65
One type of pump
Sodium / potassium - Na+ /K+
66
Mammals have a greater concentration of______________ and lower concentration of_______________.
K+ ions NA+
67
Plasma membrane pumps
NA+ out K+ In
68
Proton pump
Main electronic pump of plants, fungi and bacteria Transports H+ out of the cell Transfers positive charge from cytoplasm to extracellular solution
69
Membrane potential
Stores electrical potential charge, due to separation of positive and negative charge
70
Cytoplasmic side
Is negative relative to the extracellular, due to unequal distribution
71
Energy is released when
Positive energy moves through potential difference
72
Bulk transport
- Requires energy - moves macromolecules cross the membrane - moves via vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
73
Endocytosis
- Intake of materials - opposite of endo - uses different proteins
74
Endocytosis types:
- Phagocytosis - pinocytosis - receptor-mediated endocytosis
75
Exocytosis
- Expelling of material - eg. Release of hormones and enzymes - secretory cells use exocytosis to export products

Gen Bio (6 decks)

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