Lecture #1

Question 1

What is a prokaryote?

Answer 1

Organisms with no nucleus

Question 2

What does the ending “ogen” mean??

Answer 2

Generates whatever comes before it

Question 3

What does the ending “philes” mean?

Answer 3

Liking whatever comes before it

Question 4

How did eukaryotes evolve?

Answer 4

From within prokaryotes

Question 5

What is included in the Phylum Proteobacteria?

Answer 5

Rhizobium- N2 fixing associations in nodules of legumes

Question 6

What happens inside the Rhizobium nodule?

Answer 6

There is bacteria that protects the nodule from O2 so it can fix N2–>NO3 (what plants can use)

Question 7

What is special about an Agrobacterium?

Answer 7

Its a plant pathogen so its able to get its DNA into another plant cell

Question 8

What is included in the Phylum Cyanobacteria?

Answer 8

Blue/green photosynthetic cyanobacteria

-basis of everyday plants but THEY ARE NOT PLANTS

Question 9

What is included int he Phylum Actinobacteria?

Answer 9

Frankia- which also fixes N2 but for non-legumes

Question 10

Where did photosynthesis come from?

Answer 10

Purple+green bacteria that exchanged its genes with a cyanobacteria
-photoautotrophic; not closely related

Question 11

How did eukaria get there chloroplasts?

Answer 11

through endosymbiosis of a cyanobacteria

-membrane of cyanobacterium was kept in tact

Question 12

What does Polyphyletic mean?

Answer 12

Category for unrelated plant like, fungus like and animal like organism lineages

Question 13

What is a Protist?

Answer 13

Anything you couldn’t easily categorize as an animal

-mostly single celled

Question 14

What are the 4 main groups of plants we are going to be looking at?

Answer 14

• SARs
• Unikonts
• Plantae
• Excavates

Question 15

When do we estimate that endosymbiosis of a cyanobacteria occurred?

Answer 15

1.2 BYA

Question 16

How do we tell the difference between primary vs. secondary endosymbiosis?

Answer 16

The number of membranes around the chloroplast

Question 17

Within the kingdom Fungi, what is in the Phylum of Glomeromycota?

Answer 17

mycobionts and mycorrhizae

Question 18

Within the kingdom Fungi, what is in the Phylum Ascomycota?

Answer 18

mycobionts of most Lichens

Question 19

Within the kingdom Fungi, what is in the Phylum Basidiomycota?

Answer 19

mycobionts of most ectomycorrhizae

Question 20

True or False, land plants were derived from within the Rhodophyta lineage?

Answer 20

False, land plants were derived from the lineage of Chlorophyta (green algae)

Question 21

What are the oldest group of land plants still seen today?

Answer 21

Mosses

Question 22

When did most of the diversification of plants occur?

Answer 22

Before the end of the dinosaurs

-most dinos fed primarily on angiosperms

Question 23

What are the 2 methods of classifying and naming organisms?

Answer 23

Taxonomy

Systematics

Question 24

What is the nickname of Taxonomy?

Answer 24

The ‘poor cousin’ of systematics

Question 25

What are folk taxonomies?

Answer 25

All around the world people have organized and named the organisms that are considered useful or dangerous and often grouped them this way -basically by personal judgement

Question 26

What is Systematics concerned with?

Answer 26

Creating a classification that reflects evolutionary relationships

Question 27

What is Taxonomy concerned with?

Answer 27

Creating classifications of convenience | -easy to recognize groups

Question 28

Who provided the 'start up' of classification and binomial naming?

Answer 28

Linneaus

Question 29

What type of classification has the potential to be more informative?

Answer 29

Classification based on evolutionary relationships

Question 30

What is the acronym for the order of taxonomy?

Answer 30

DKPCOFGS Dumb kings play chess on fine green sods Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Question 31

How were most classes created before binomials?

Answer 31

Personal judgement basically

Question 32

What is Numerical Taxonomy or Phenetics?

Answer 32

Character states of individuals are codified or quantified and similarity is used as criterion for relatedness -this method didn't last long

Question 33

What is Phylogenetic systematics or cladistics?

Answer 33

Relatedness is based on patterns of shared derived character states

Question 34

What makes a good evolutionary classification?

Answer 34

Every taxon (group) should be monophyletic

Question 35

Definition of Monophyletic?

Answer 35

A group of organisms descended from a common evolutionary ancestor

Question 36

Definition of Polyphyletic?

Answer 36

A group which includes members that have multiple evolutionary origins

Question 37

Definition of Paraphyletic?

Answer 37

Almost all of the descendants of a single common ancestor | -Left out one or more organisms

Question 38

What is a Synapomorphy?

Answer 38

Ancestral Character

Question 39

Definition of Convergence?

Answer 39

When 2 or more taxa gave the same derived character state, but separate origins -evolved in 2 different lineages on its own, distantly related