Lecture #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a prokaryote?

A

Organisms with no nucleus

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2
Q

What does the ending “ogen” mean??

A

Generates whatever comes before it

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3
Q

What does the ending “philes” mean?

A

Liking whatever comes before it

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4
Q

How did eukaryotes evolve?

A

From within prokaryotes

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5
Q

What is included in the Phylum Proteobacteria?

A

Rhizobium- N2 fixing associations in nodules of legumes

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6
Q

What happens inside the Rhizobium nodule?

A

There is bacteria that protects the nodule from O2 so it can fix N2–>NO3 (what plants can use)

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7
Q

What is special about an Agrobacterium?

A

Its a plant pathogen so its able to get its DNA into another plant cell

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8
Q

What is included in the Phylum Cyanobacteria?

A

Blue/green photosynthetic cyanobacteria

-basis of everyday plants but THEY ARE NOT PLANTS

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9
Q

What is included int he Phylum Actinobacteria?

A

Frankia- which also fixes N2 but for non-legumes

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10
Q

Where did photosynthesis come from?

A

Purple+green bacteria that exchanged its genes with a cyanobacteria
-photoautotrophic; not closely related

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11
Q

How did eukaria get there chloroplasts?

A

through endosymbiosis of a cyanobacteria

-membrane of cyanobacterium was kept in tact

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12
Q

What does Polyphyletic mean?

A

Category for unrelated plant like, fungus like and animal like organism lineages

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13
Q

What is a Protist?

A

Anything you couldn’t easily categorize as an animal

-mostly single celled

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14
Q

What are the 4 main groups of plants we are going to be looking at?

A
  • SARs
  • Unikonts
  • Plantae
  • Excavates
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15
Q

When do we estimate that endosymbiosis of a cyanobacteria occurred?

A

1.2 BYA

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16
Q

How do we tell the difference between primary vs. secondary endosymbiosis?

A

The number of membranes around the chloroplast

17
Q

Within the kingdom Fungi, what is in the Phylum of Glomeromycota?

A

mycobionts and mycorrhizae

18
Q

Within the kingdom Fungi, what is in the Phylum Ascomycota?

A

mycobionts of most Lichens

19
Q

Within the kingdom Fungi, what is in the Phylum Basidiomycota?

A

mycobionts of most ectomycorrhizae

20
Q

True or False, land plants were derived from within the Rhodophyta lineage?

A

False, land plants were derived from the lineage of Chlorophyta (green algae)

21
Q

What are the oldest group of land plants still seen today?

22
Q

When did most of the diversification of plants occur?

A

Before the end of the dinosaurs

-most dinos fed primarily on angiosperms

23
Q

What are the 2 methods of classifying and naming organisms?

A

Taxonomy

Systematics

24
Q

What is the nickname of Taxonomy?

A

The ‘poor cousin’ of systematics

25
What are folk taxonomies?
All around the world people have organized and named the organisms that are considered useful or dangerous and often grouped them this way -basically by personal judgement
26
What is Systematics concerned with?
Creating a classification that reflects evolutionary relationships
27
What is Taxonomy concerned with?
Creating classifications of convenience | -easy to recognize groups
28
Who provided the 'start up' of classification and binomial naming?
Linneaus
29
What type of classification has the potential to be more informative?
Classification based on evolutionary relationships
30
What is the acronym for the order of taxonomy?
DKPCOFGS Dumb kings play chess on fine green sods Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
31
How were most classes created before binomials?
Personal judgement basically
32
What is Numerical Taxonomy or Phenetics?
Character states of individuals are codified or quantified and similarity is used as criterion for relatedness -this method didn't last long
33
What is Phylogenetic systematics or cladistics?
Relatedness is based on patterns of shared derived character states
34
What makes a good evolutionary classification?
Every taxon (group) should be monophyletic
35
Definition of Monophyletic?
A group of organisms descended from a common evolutionary ancestor
36
Definition of Polyphyletic?
A group which includes members that have multiple evolutionary origins
37
Definition of Paraphyletic?
Almost all of the descendants of a single common ancestor | -Left out one or more organisms
38
What is a Synapomorphy?
Ancestral Character
39
Definition of Convergence?
When 2 or more taxa gave the same derived character state, but separate origins -evolved in 2 different lineages on its own, distantly related