Lecture 1 Flashcards
Indigenous Medicine
Oral Medicine
- 80% of peeps in Asia and Africa depend of Trad. Med as primary health care
Neanderthal Man
carried 8 species of medicinal plants , weren’t nutritive, ( didn’t taste good)
ephedra (open bronchioles), yarrow (stop bleeding)and marshmallow ( ulcers and heart murmers)
Shaminism
Belief that spirits affected health
- shaman interacts with spirit world to bring about healing
- altered states of consciousness
Ayruvedic Medicine
Native to India
Rig Veda ( roots of Hinduism, yoga and Ayruveda)
- Doshas (3 humours)
Vata, Pitta, Kapha
TCM
Native in China, herbs use recorded thousands of years ago
Shennong “Divine Farmer” legendary emporer who founded chinease herbalism
Shennong’s Materia Medica “ 365 animal and plant rememdies”
Yellow Emperor
- founded TCM theory
Yellow Emperors Inner Canon : rejected spirits as the cause of disease
- yin and yang
Qi
5 elements
diet, lifestyle, age and emotions effect health
Kampo
(TCM in )Japanese Med
integrated into modern healthcare system
Ancient Egypt
Imhotep : first physician wrote Edwin Smith Papyrus (anatomy and conditions) contained 850 plants and rememdies
Greco-Roman Medicine
Hippocrates "Father of Modern Medicine" - developped a code of medical ethics - rejected supernatural causes - four humours : 1) phlegm (wet.cold) 2) yellow bile ( hot, dry) 3) Black Bile (cold , dry) 4) Blood (hot, wet) dyscarsia : imbalance in humours resulted in disease
Dioscorides :
compiled De Materia Medica (documented medicinal plants)
Galem of Pergamum :
made crude drugs from herbs
- refined humour theory
dominated west for 1500 yrs
Unani Medicine
Greco-Roman Medicine refined during dark ages.
Avicenna : created Unani Tibb (rooted in Greek and Egyptian Medicine)
Modern Use in
Middle East, South East Asia and South Asia
European Med
Started Getting knowledge back, doctors, and witches
Paracelsus : Father of Modern Pharmacy : opposed Galen
everything is poison, but the dose is the most important
Jakob Boehme : developped Doctrine of Signatures (God MArked Everything he created with a sign to indicate the uses)
Nicholas Culpepper : Astrologer,
Wrote the Complete Herbal
American Herbalism
Samuel Thompson :
Father of American Herbalism
- learned herbs from FN people
opposed to conventional medicine
The Eclectics :
Physicans who opposed conventional med and included integrative med.
Important book : King’s American Dispensatory by ( Felter, and Lloyd)
Compounds ( Drugs vs. Herbs)
Drugs : one active ingredient
Herbs : hundreads of compounds per plant
ex) chamomile has many diff compunds in flower, root etc.
Quality ( Drugs vs. Herbs)
Drugs : pure, precise , often regulated amount
Herbs : active ingredients vary in batches
Potentcy ( Drugs vs. Herbs)
Drugs : Stronger with generally more side effects
Herbs : less potent and generally safer
Patentability ( Drugs vs. Herbs)
Drugs : can be patented (usually research funded)
Herbs : cannot (but blends can be)
Medicinal Actions ( Drugs vs. Herbs)
Drugs and herbs share many of the same actions ( ex diuretic)
Herbs possess medicinal actions ( adaptogen) that have no pharmaceutical equivalent
Pharmacautical Drugs from Plants
Aspirin ( willow bark)
- antiinflammatory
Tamiflu (antiviral)
synthesized artificially from shikimic acid from star anise
Plants could be used for thousands of years, but “published medicial research” has only been around for the last 50 years
Pharmacology
study of the interaction of active agents with living systems
Pharmacognosy
discipline dealing with medicines from natural sources, and their constituents (plants , animals etc.)
Pharmacodynamics
how the drug affects the body : ie) functional pathways, enzyme,/ protein
Pharmacokinetics
How the body effects a drug : absoption, storage , elimination, liver metabolism, half life etc.
Toxicology
how substances negatively effect living organisms
Agonist
binds to a receptor ( enzyme/transporter) and activates it
- unlocks the door
Antagonist
Binds to a receptor and inactivates it ( locks the door)
- prevents things from binding
Modulator
Binds to a receptor and partially turns it on / partially activates it “ tends to balance (lock/unlock switch)
ex) Soy which binds to the estrogen receptor and opens the door, but also takes up the space so that the door can’t open any further
How do Isoflavone and Xenoestrogen (Bis-phenol) affect the estrogen receptor?
Isoflavone : partial agonist.
from soy, the OH- group interacts with the receptor and have a modulating effect on the body. Acts like an agonist b/c it kind of works and opens the door
works like an antagonist becyase it stops other things ( like estrogen) from binding
Xenoestrogen : strong antagonist - binds more easily to the estrogen receptor than estrogen and blocks the estrogen from binding
Reversible Competitive inhibition
- antagonist binds for a period of time and then dissociates allwoing the agonists to bind again
Irreversible competitive inhibition
the antagonist (eg. aspirin) causes permanent change to the receptor therby destroying the activity of the enzyme. lasts until new enzymes are produced to replace them
Placebo effect
inert substance has perceived or actual therapeudic effect
