Lecture 1

Question 1

Indigenous Medicine

Answer 1

Oral Medicine

- 80% of peeps in Asia and Africa depend of Trad. Med as primary health care

Question 2

Neanderthal Man

Answer 2

carried 8 species of medicinal plants , weren’t nutritive, ( didn’t taste good)

ephedra (open bronchioles), yarrow (stop bleeding)and marshmallow ( ulcers and heart murmers)

Question 3

Shaminism

Answer 3

Belief that spirits affected health

• shaman interacts with spirit world to bring about healing
• altered states of consciousness

Question 4

Ayruvedic Medicine

Answer 4

Native to India
Rig Veda ( roots of Hinduism, yoga and Ayruveda)
- Doshas (3 humours)
Vata, Pitta, Kapha

Question 5

TCM

Answer 5

Native in China, herbs use recorded thousands of years ago

Shennong “Divine Farmer” legendary emporer who founded chinease herbalism

Shennong’s Materia Medica “ 365 animal and plant rememdies”

Yellow Emperor
- founded TCM theory

Yellow Emperors Inner Canon : rejected spirits as the cause of disease
- yin and yang
Qi
5 elements
diet, lifestyle, age and emotions effect health

Question 6

Kampo

Answer 6

(TCM in )Japanese Med

integrated into modern healthcare system

Question 7

Ancient Egypt

Answer 7

Imhotep : first physician wrote Edwin Smith Papyrus (anatomy and conditions) contained 850 plants and rememdies

Question 8

Greco-Roman Medicine

Answer 8

Hippocrates "Father of Modern Medicine"
- developped a code of medical ethics
- rejected supernatural causes
- four humours :
1) phlegm (wet.cold)
2) yellow bile ( hot, dry)
3) Black Bile (cold , dry)
4) Blood (hot, wet)
dyscarsia : imbalance in humours resulted in disease

Dioscorides :
compiled De Materia Medica (documented medicinal plants)

Galem of Pergamum :
made crude drugs from herbs
- refined humour theory
dominated west for 1500 yrs

Question 9

Unani Medicine

Answer 9

Greco-Roman Medicine refined during dark ages.

Avicenna : created Unani Tibb (rooted in Greek and Egyptian Medicine)

Modern Use in
Middle East, South East Asia and South Asia

Question 10

European Med

Answer 10

Started Getting knowledge back, doctors, and witches

Paracelsus : Father of Modern Pharmacy : opposed Galen
everything is poison, but the dose is the most important

Jakob Boehme : developped Doctrine of Signatures (God MArked Everything he created with a sign to indicate the uses)

Nicholas Culpepper : Astrologer,
Wrote the Complete Herbal

Question 11

American Herbalism

Answer 11

Samuel Thompson :
Father of American Herbalism
- learned herbs from FN people
opposed to conventional medicine

The Eclectics :
Physicans who opposed conventional med and included integrative med.

Important book : King’s American Dispensatory by ( Felter, and Lloyd)

Question 12

Compounds ( Drugs vs. Herbs)

Answer 12

Drugs : one active ingredient
Herbs : hundreads of compounds per plant

ex) chamomile has many diff compunds in flower, root etc.

Question 13

Quality ( Drugs vs. Herbs)

Answer 13

Drugs : pure, precise , often regulated amount

Herbs : active ingredients vary in batches

Question 14

Potentcy ( Drugs vs. Herbs)

Answer 14

Drugs : Stronger with generally more side effects

Herbs : less potent and generally safer

Question 15

Patentability ( Drugs vs. Herbs)

Answer 15

Drugs : can be patented (usually research funded)

Herbs : cannot (but blends can be)

Question 16

Medicinal Actions ( Drugs vs. Herbs)

Answer 16

Drugs and herbs share many of the same actions ( ex diuretic)
Herbs possess medicinal actions ( adaptogen) that have no pharmaceutical equivalent

Question 17

Pharmacautical Drugs from Plants

Answer 17

Aspirin ( willow bark)
- antiinflammatory

Tamiflu (antiviral)
synthesized artificially from shikimic acid from star anise

Plants could be used for thousands of years, but “published medicial research” has only been around for the last 50 years

Question 18

Pharmacology

Answer 18

study of the interaction of active agents with living systems

Question 19

Pharmacognosy

Answer 19

discipline dealing with medicines from natural sources, and their constituents (plants , animals etc.)

Question 20

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 20

how the drug affects the body : ie) functional pathways, enzyme,/ protein

Question 21

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 21

How the body effects a drug : absoption, storage , elimination, liver metabolism, half life etc.

Question 22

Toxicology

Answer 22

how substances negatively effect living organisms

Question 23

Agonist

Answer 23

binds to a receptor ( enzyme/transporter) and activates it

- unlocks the door

Question 24

Antagonist

Answer 24

Binds to a receptor and inactivates it ( locks the door)

- prevents things from binding

Question 25

Modulator

Answer 25

Binds to a receptor and partially turns it on / partially activates it “ tends to balance (lock/unlock switch)
ex) Soy which binds to the estrogen receptor and opens the door, but also takes up the space so that the door can’t open any further

Question 26

How do Isoflavone and Xenoestrogen (Bis-phenol) affect the estrogen receptor?

Answer 26

Isoflavone : partial agonist.
from soy, the OH- group interacts with the receptor and have a modulating effect on the body. Acts like an agonist b/c it kind of works and opens the door
works like an antagonist becyase it stops other things ( like estrogen) from binding

Xenoestrogen : strong antagonist - binds more easily to the estrogen receptor than estrogen and blocks the estrogen from binding

Question 27

Reversible Competitive inhibition

Answer 27

• antagonist binds for a period of time and then dissociates allwoing the agonists to bind again

Question 28

Irreversible competitive inhibition

Answer 28

the antagonist (eg. aspirin) causes permanent change to the receptor therby destroying the activity of the enzyme. 
lasts until new enzymes are produced to replace them

Question 29

Placebo effect

Answer 29

inert substance has perceived or actual therapeudic effect