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Bot Med 1 > Herbal Actions > Flashcards

Herbal Actions Flashcards

1
Q

Antioxidant

A

System :
All systems could be affected

Indications : 
- prevent degenerative diseases
1) cardiovascular disease
2)Alzheimer's disease
Parkinsons disease

Herbs : all

Comment:
- accept or donate free radical
Pro-oxidants : concern exists for taking high doses because it creates free radical O’s
(high dose supplements) could be

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2
Q

Blueberries

A

Vaccinium spp

Antioxidant

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3
Q

Tea

A

Camellia sinensis
Antioxidant

Green Tea: Thermogenic

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4
Q

Pumpkins and Squash

A

Curcubita spp.

Antioxidant

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5
Q

Pomegranate

A

Punica granatum

Antioxidant

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6
Q

Anti-Inflammatory

A
  • decreases inflammation

System :
all

Indication :

  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Alzeimer’s disease
  • Cancer
  • conditions that end in ‘itis’

Herbs:
• Turmeric (Curcuma longa)
• Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
• Willow (Salix spp.)
• Indian Frankincense (Boswellia serrata)
• Devil’s Claw (Harpagophytum procumbens)

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7
Q

Turmeric

A 
Curcuma longa
Antiinflmmatory
Antirheumatic
Analgesic
Hepatoprotective
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8
Q

Ginger

A 
Zingiber officinale
Anti-inflammatory
Analgesic
Carminative ( + Zingiberaceae family)
Antiemetic
Bitter - pungent
Stomachic
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9
Q

Willow

A 
Salix spp.
Anti-inflammatory
Antirheumatic
Analgesic
Antipyretic
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10
Q

Indian Frankincense

A

Boswellia serrata
Anti-inflammatory
Antirheumatic

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11
Q

Devil’s Claw

A

Harpagophytum procumbens
Anti-inflammatory
Antirheumatic

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12
Q

Eicosanoid Pathway

A

phospoholipids bind to arachidonic acid to form inflammatory substances

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13
Q

Astringent

A

contracts and thickens to decrease permeability and increase resistance to physical stress

Related :
antihemorrhagic
styptic

System :
Skin
Gastrointestinal

Indications:
wound healing : laceration, bruises
- ulcers
-weeping eczema
-inflamed skin (dermatitis )
-varicose veins
-diarrhea

Herbs :
Witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana)
Oak (Quercus spp.)

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14
Q

Witch Hazel

A

Hamamelis virginiana
Astringent
Styptic
Antiulcerogenic

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15
Q

Oak

A

Quercus spp.
Astringent
Styptic
Antiulcerogenic

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16
Q

Styptic

A

An astringent compound that stops bleeding when applied topically

Related :

  • antihemorrhagic
  • Astringent

System : Skin

Indications:
lacerations
ulcers

Herbs :
Witch Hazel (Hamamelis viriginana)
Oak (Quercus spp)

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17
Q

Vulnerary

A
  • Speeds up the healing of wounds when applied topically

Related : anti-inflammatory

System :
Skin and Muscoskeletal
- Gastrointestina

Indications :

  • soft tissue injuries (wounds lacerations, burns, bruises, eczema, ulcers)
  • hard tissue injuries (sprains, strains, fractures)

Herb:
Internal or external
- Marigold ( Calendula officinalis)
Greater plantain (Plantago major)

External only :
Arnica (Arnica montana)
Comfrey (Symphytum officinalus)

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18
Q

Marigold

A

Vulnerary
Calendula officinalis
Antiulcerogenic

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19
Q

Greater plantain

A

Plantago major
Vulnerary
Antiulcerogenic

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20
Q

Arnica

A

Arnica montana
Vulnerary
External only
Antiulcerogenic

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21
Q

Comfrey

A

Symphytum officinalis
Vulnerary
External only
Antiulcerogenic

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22
Q

Chamomile

A

Matericaria recutita
Vulnerary
Internal or external

Antioxidant
Carminative
Nervine

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23
Q

Antiulcerogenic

A

(Anti-ulcer)
- prevents and/or faciliates the healing of ulcers

Related :

  • astrigent
  • vulnerary

System :

  • Skin and Musculoskeletal
  • Gastrointestinal

Indications :

  • Ulcers
  • wound healing

Herbs :

Dragon’s blood (Croton lecheri)

(vulnerary and astrigent herbs)

Internal or external 
- Marigold ( Calendula officinalis)
Greater plantain (Plantago major)

External only :
Arnica (Arnica montana)
Comfrey (Symphytum officinalus)

Witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana)
Oak (Quercus spp.)
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24
Q

Dragon’s Blood

A

(Croton lecheri)

Antiulcerogenic

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25
Q

Antipruritic

A

Relieves the itch sensation

Related :
anodyne

System:
Skin and Musculoskeletal

Indications:

  • insect bites
  • eczema
  • poison ivy
  • stinging nettle

Herbs:

  • oatmeal (Aveena sativa)
  • essential oils (which act as counter-irritants)
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26
Q

Alterative

A

Supports the removal of waste products to “clean the blood” and promote normal functioning body. “clear toxins”

Related :
depurative

System :

  • Skin
  • Detoxification

Indications :
- chronic skin conditions (acne, eczema , rashes, psoriasis)

Herbs :

Burdock root (Arctium lappa)
- Yellow dock (Rumex crispus)

non-specific function : improving liver and bowel function , antimicrobial and or lymphatic action

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27
Q

Ulcer

A

A wound that is continuously irritated and doesn’t have the ability to heal

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28
Q

Burdock root

A

Arctium lappa

Alterative

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29
Q

Yellow dock

A

Rumex crispus

Alterative

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30
Q

Lymphatic

A

promotes proper function and drainage of the lymphatic system

Related :
Depurative

System :

  • Skin
  • Musculoskeletal

Indications :

  • viral infections
  • swollen lymph nodes
  • chronic skin conditions (eczma, psoriasis, rashes)

Herbs:
Galium (Galium aparine)
Pokeroot (Phytolacca americana)

Lymphatics are often alteratives, but not all alteratives are lymphatics.

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31
Q

Galium

A

Galium aparine

Lymphatic

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32
Q

Pokeroot

A

Phytolacca americana

v. toxic : can be good in small amounts

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33
Q

Emolient

A

(moisturizer) softens and smooths the skin

System : Skin

Indications:
eczema

Herbs :
oatmeal (Aveena sativa)
olive oil

Aqueoous based creams absorb into the skin and are good for mild dry skin

Severely dry skin may benefit from salves and doesn’t moisturize but creates a protective barrier. (oliveoil)

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34
Q

Escharotic

A

destroys tissues , producing a ‘eschar’ scap that sloughs off.

Related: antimitotic

System : Skin

Indications :

  • warts
  • cancer
  • skin lesions

Herbs:
bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis)
-may apple (podophyllum peltatum)

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35
Q

Oatmeal

A

Aveena satvia

Antipuretic
Emolient

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36
Q

Bloodroot

A

Sanguinaria canadensis

relatively safe
Escharotic

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37
Q

May apple

A

Podophyllum peltatum

Escharotic

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38
Q

Antirheumatic

A

Relives rheumatism (inflammation and pain in the joints, muscles, or fibrous tissue)

Related to :
antiinflammatory
anagelsic

System :
musculoskeletal & other

Indications:
arthritis
fibromyalgia
myalgia (pain in muscle/group)

Herbs:

  • tumeric (Curcuma longa)
  • devils claw (Harpagophtyum procumbens)
  • Frankincence (Boswellia serrata)
  • Willow (Salix spp.)
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39
Q

Analgesic

A

Alleviates pain without loss of consciousness

Related :

  • anodyne
  • antipyrectic
  • anti-inflammatory
  • anti-rheumatic

System : Musculoskeletal and other

Indications : pain

Herbs : 
opium poppy (Papaver smoniferum)

Willow (Salix spp.)

Tumeric (Curcuma longa)

Most antiinflammatories possess analgesic effects.

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40
Q

Opium Poppy

A

Papaver somniferum
Analgesic
Cough suppressant
Antitussive

41
Q

Anodyne

A

Alleivates pain when applied topically
topical analgesic

Related:
antipruitic

System : Musculoskeletal and other

Indications :
arthritis
myaligia
neuropathy

Herbs:
Essential oils from plants :

Peppermint (Mentha piperita)
Wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens)
Camphor laurel (Cinnamomum camphora)
Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.)
42
Q

Peppermint

A 
Mentha pipertia
Anodyne
Counter-iriitant
Carminative (& lamiaceae family)
Antiemetic
43
Q

Wintergreen

A

(Gaultheria procumbens)
Anodyne
Counter-irritant

44
Q

Camphor laurel

A

Cinnamomum camphora
Anodyne
Counter-irritant

45
Q

TRPM8 Receptors

A

Cold receptors
activated by chemical cooling agents (menthol, camphor) or when ambient temp is below 26C

Gate-theory of pain : painful signal can be suppressed when another stronger, non-painful stimuli is produced (ie - cold, A535)

46
Q

Rubefacient

A

Dialates capillaries causing increased blood flow to the area - makes skin red.

Related :
counter irritant

System : Musculoskeletal and other

Indications :
myalgia
arthritis

Herbs :
Cayenne (Capsicum frutescens)

47
Q

Cayenne

A 
(Capsicum frutescens)
Rubefacient
Counter-irritant
Analgesic
Diaphoretic
Thermogenic
48
Q

Counter-irritant

A

type of anodyne (topical analgesic) that causes sensation or irritation to the skin to lessen perception of pain.

Related :
topical analgesic
antipruritic

System :
Musculoskeletal
Skin

Indications:

Arthritis
muscle pain
neuropathy
insect bites

Herbs : Essential oils from plants :

peppermint (Mentha piperita)
Cayenne (Capsicum frutescens)
Camphor laurel (Cinnamomum camphora)
49
Q

TRPV1 Receptors

A

Noxious Heat REceptors.

> 43C , acid , pungent herbs

  • cayenne (Capsicum frutescens)
  • clove (Syzygium aromaticum)
  • cinnamon (Cinnamomomum verum)
  • ginger (Zingiber officinale)

Substance P and burning sensation. (a neuropeptide involved in pain transmission from peripheral receptors to CNS
Temporarily degenerates the nerve

50
Q

Clove

A

Syzygium aromaticum

Analgesic

51
Q

Cinnamon

A

Cinnamomomum verum

Analgesic

52
Q

Gate-theory of pain

A

painful signal can be suppressed when another stronger, non-painful stimuli is produced (ie - cold, A535)

pain is not a direct result of activation of pain receptors but by interaction between neurons.

Patrick Wall and Ron Melzack 1962

53
Q

Castor Oil

A

Topical Analgesic

Ricinus communis

Ricinoleic acid is irritating to tissues and acts as pro and anti-inflammatory. increases the peristalsis of smooth muscles

54
Q

Immunostimulant

A

stimulates the immune system

Related :

immunomodulator - balances immune system

System :
Immune

Indications:
- preventing infections
-treating infections
immunosuppresion ( chemo, radiation)

Herbs :
Huang qi (Astragalus membranaceus)
- purple corn flower (Echinacea angustifolium)

Some immunostimulant herbs are not recommended during acute bacterial infection and only viral infection

55
Q

Huang qi

A

Astragalus membranaceus

Immunostimulant

56
Q

Purple corn flower

A

Echinacea angustifolium

Immunostimulant

57
Q

Antipyretic

A

Reduces body temperature to alleviate fever
‘decrease fire’

Related :
febrifuge (syn)
antiperiodic

System :
infection

Indications :
- infections causing fever including : virus (flu , SARS,) , parasites (malaria) , bacteria (rheumatic fever)

Herbs :
Willow ( Salix spp.)
Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium

58
Q

Feverfew

A

Tanacetum parthenium
Antipyretic
Insecticide

59
Q

Antimicrobial (what is special about this?)

A

Antimicrobial means a lot of things it could mean :

  • Antibacterial
    Antiparasitic (Antimalarial, anthelmintic, antiamoebic)

Antifungal
Antiviral

60
Q

Antimicrobial

A

Destroys or inhibits the growth of microorganisms.

Related : 
Antibacterial
Antiparasitic (Antimalarial, anthelmintic, antiamoebic)
Antifungal
Antiviral

System : Any

Indications :
infections

Herbs :
Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis)
Myrrh (Commiphora myrrh)

Even though they are related to the subclasses, not all antimicrobials are effective against the subclasses

61
Q

Goldenseal

A 
Hydrastis canadensis
Antimicrobial
Antibacterial
MDR inhibitor
Antiprotozoal
62
Q

Myrrh

A

Commiphora myrrh
Antimicrobial
Antibacterial
Antiprotozoal

63
Q

Pau D’Arco

A

Tabebuia avellanedae

Antimicrobial

64
Q

Old Man’s beard

A

Usnea barbata

Antimicrobial

65
Q

Antiseptics

A

Kills or inhibits growth of microorganisms - safe for humans. applied topically to the skin and mucous membranes, also works internally.

Related :
urinary antiseptic
disinfectant - (not safe for humans - bleach, iodine)

System :
GI
urinary
skin

Indications :
bacterial infection

essential oils (tea tree, oregano, clove, thyme, eucalyptus etc. ) are considered antiseptic. they disrupt the cell membranes of microorganisms making them more vulnerable.

Herbs : Thyme (Thymus vulgaris)
Bearberry (Asctostaphylos uva-ursi)

66
Q

Thyme

A

Thymus vulgaris
Antiseptic
Antifungal
Antispasmodic

expectorant
antitussive
antimicrobial
antiinflammatory

67
Q

Bearberry

A

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi

Antiseptic
Diuretic
Urinary antiseptic

68
Q

Antibacterial

A

Kills bacteria

Related : antibiotic

All Systems

Indications : bacterial infection

Herbs:
Goldenseal ( Hydrastis canadensis)
Myrrh (Commiphora myrrh)

69
Q

Antimicrobial - synergy of plants

A

Berberine : a phytochemical with antimicrobial properties.

Herbs :

Goldenseal ( Hydrastis canadensis)

Barberry ( Berberis vulgaris)

Oregon grape ( Mahonia aquifolium)

Actions : antibacterial (more effective vs. gram positive bacterial , antifungal, antiparasitic, antiviral

MoA : inhibit bacterial proteins from being assimilated into the cell membrane.

70
Q

MDR inhibitor

A

Block multidrug resistant pumps (MDRs) in microorganism that are normally used to transport toxic sybstances before they reach lethal concentrations

RElated : Antimicrobial

System : Infection

Indications :
Antibiotic resistant infection
cancer

Herbs :

Barberry (Berberis vulgaris)

Oregon grape ( Mahonia aquifolum)

71
Q

Oregon grape

A

Mahonia aquifolium
MDR inhibitor
Antimicrobial

72
Q

Barbery

A

Berberis vulgaris
MDR inhibitor
Antimicrobial

73
Q

Synergy of Berberine and 5’MHC

A

Berberine diffuses into the microorganism, but because it is being pumped out by various multi-drug resistant pumps (MDR) it can not reach a lethal concentration.

5’-MHC inhibits the MDR therby allowing berberine to accumulate in the microorganism so that it is no longer resistant to the berberine.

So 5’- MHC does not directly negatively effect the microorganism, but supports berberines function.

Berberine alone requires a very high concentration, but with the presence of 5 MHC it reduced the concentration needs for berberine to be active.

74
Q

Milk thistle

A

(silybum marianum)

Related to MDR inhibitor

75
Q

Antifungal

A

kills fungi and yeast

System :
skin, GI, genitourinary

Indications :

Candida (thrush, vaginal candidiasis)
Tinea ( Athletes foot, jock itch)

Herbs:
garlic (Allium sativum)
essential oils from thyme, tea tree, oregano

76
Q

Garlic

A

Allium sativum

Antifungal

77
Q

Case : 31 yr old woman with chronic yeast infections and bipolar

A

Unresponsive Yeast infections, bipolar and heartburn.

Treatment : high potency garlic (antifungal) , probiotics, deglycerated licorice.
Vaginal suppositories of garlic, probiotics and antimicrobial tincture.

When they treated the yeast infections, the bipolar was better too : not completely understood , but the microorganism may have been releasing toxins which influenced the brain

78
Q

Antivirals

A

Kill viruses

Related :

anti-adherance
immunostimulant

System :
pot. all

Indications :
viral hepititis
Respiratory tract infections ( Colds , influenza)
herpes

Herbs :

licorice ( Glycyrrhiza glabra)
american ginseng ( Panax quinquefolius) Cold Fz
Elderberry ( Sambucus canadensis)

79
Q

Licorice

A

Glycyrrhiza glabra

Antiviral
Demulcent
Expectorant

80
Q

American ginseng

A

Panax quiquefolius

(cold Fx)

Antiviral

81
Q

Elderberry

A

Sambucus canadensus
Antiviral
Anti-adherance

82
Q

Andrographis

A

Andrographis paniculata

Antiviral

83
Q

Anti-adherence

A

prevents the attachment of microorganisms to the muscosa of the host, which is required to establish the infection.

Related :

antibacterial
antiviral

System :
Urinary
respiratory
GI

Indications :
UTI ( E. coli)
Respiratory tract infection ( Colds, influenza)
stomach ulcers ( H. Pylori)

Herbs :
cranberry ( Vaccinium macrocarpon)
elderberry ( Sambucus canadensis)

84
Q

Cranberry

A

Vaccinium macrocarpon

Anti-Adherence
Anti-adhereance ( urinary)

antiadherent
diuretic
astringent (urinary)
antilithic

85
Q

Antiadherence - Action

A

Agents : do not directly kill the microorganism but they interfere with the ability to bind to the host

Adherence of bacteria to the mucosa is important for the microorganism to affect the mucous membranes ( sore throats, UTI, etc.) They use HA ( Hemmaglutn A to bind)

Antiadherence add constituents/proteins to stop the binding and absorption to the mucous membranes.

Microorganisms : E. coli, H. pylori, NOT Candida

Constituents/Adhesions :

plug up the holes so bacteria can’t bind to mucous.

ex)
Condensed tannins : (cranberry, blueberry)

Hydrolizable tannins - garlic acid, and ellagic acid (from oak, witch hazel, or sage)

86
Q

Antiparasitic

A

Destroys protozoa
- Helminths (little worms)
Ectoparasites ( live on your skin : fleas, lice)

Related :
antimalarial
antiamoebic
antileishmaniasis

System : infection

Indications :
Malaria

Herbs : lots

87
Q

Anthemintic

A

destroys or expels helminths ( worms)

Related :
vermifuge - stuns worms
vermicide - kills worms

System : infection

Indications ; pinworms, hookworms, tapeworms

Herbs :
wormwood : Artemisia absinthium
tansy ( tanacetum vulgare)

88
Q

Wormwood

A

Artemisia absinthium
Anthelmintic
Bitter Tonic
Bitter - aromatic

89
Q

Tansy

A

Tanacetum vulgare

Anthelmintic

90
Q

Antiprotozoal

A

Destroys or expels protozoas

Related :

antimalarial
antiamoebic
antileishmaniasis

System : infection

Indications :
malaria, trichomoniasis (vaginitis) etc.

Herbs :

Black walnut ( Juglans nigra)
Goldenseal ( Hydrastis canadensis)
Myrrh ( Commiphora myrrh)

91
Q

Black walnut

A

Juglans nigra

Antiprotozoal

92
Q

Antimalarial

A

Destroys parasitic protozoan (plasmodium spp.) that causes malaria.

Related : antiperiodic - decreases fevers associated with infections.

System : infection

Indications : malaria

Herbs:
sweet wormwood ( Artemisia annua)
cinchona bark ( Cinchona officinalis)
93
Q

Sweet Wormwood

A

Artemisia annua

Antimalarial
Anticancer

Compound : Artemisinin

MoA - free radical generation : oxide group reacts with free heme generating reactive oxygen species

Alkyation of proteins and DNA - by the radical formed on the artemisinin molecule

94
Q

Cinchona bark

A

Cinchona offinalis

Antimalarial

95
Q

Insecticides

A

Destroys insects

Related Actions :
antimalarial, antiamoebic , antileishmaniasis

System : infection

Indications :
insects , ectoparasites ( lice, fleas)

Herbs : feverfew ( Tanacetum parthenium

96
Q

Peroxides

A

Antimicrobials

MoA - unstable nature allows them to produce a hydrozyl radial ( very destructive free radical)

Fenton rxn : uses Fe2+

Cause damage in
DNA - mutations
Amino acid - inactivate proteins and enzymes

Detoxification : our body wants to detox this we use catalade and glutathione peroxidase to do it.

Antimicrobial - some herbs contain peroxides and it makes them reactive compiunds against microorganisms.

97
Q

Compound : Artemisinin

A

MoA - free radical generation : oxide group reacts with free heme generating reactive oxygen species

Alkyation of proteins and DNA - by the radical formed on the artemisinin molecule

turns free heme into hemozoin ( safe and stable)

98
Q

Compound : Quinine

A

v. toxic used to kill malaria.

blocks enzyme heme polymerase from making hemozoin ( safe form)

must be combined with other drugs if using.

Bot Med 1 (4 decks)

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