Actions Part 3 Flashcards
Hepatic
Aids liver function
Indications :
detox
liver disease
hepatic torpor ( lazy liver)
Herbs:
Milk thistle
Most bitters are hepatics
Milk Thistle and MoA
Hepatic
Hepatoprotective
1) Increases glutathione - stimulates the
production of glutathione (support phase II detox)
2) binds to hepatocytes
3) antioxidant
4) prevents binding of toxins
5) inhibits beta glucoronidase
Milk thistle stops the cleaving of the sugar molecule by bacteria, allowing the molecule to stay water soluble.
Without the cleaving, it can cause problems like constipation, skin issues, and hormonal problems. ex) estrogen in the GI tract
Hepatoprotective
Actions: indirectly/directly helps protect the liver
Indications: detox hepititis adverse drug reaction mushroom posioning alcohol
Herbs:
Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) Tumeric (Curcuma Longa)
Antiulcerogenic ( GI)
Actions:
speeds up healing of ulcers and prevents
System:
GI, (Skin)
Indications:
Gastritis, gastric ulcer, peptic ulcer, leg ulcer
from H-pylori, pain meds, liquor, acute stress
Herbs:
Licorice ( Glycyrrhiza glabra)
Meadowsweet ( Filipendula ulmaria)
Chamomine ( Matricaria recutita)
Meadowsweet
Antiulcerogenic (GI)
Antacid
Antacid and MoA
Actions:
decreases acidity in the stomach
Indications:
ulcers, gastritis, reflux
Herbs:
meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria)
MoA: Meadowsweet inhibits histidine decarboxylase that makes histimine (which stimulates stomach acid secretions)
Not for long term use
Vulnerary (Internal)
Actions:
speeds up wound healing
System:
GI, skin
Indications:
gastric ulcers
mouth ulcers
esophagitis ( heartburn)
Herbs:
Chamomile ( Matricaria chamomilla)
Astringent GI and MOA
Actions:
contracts and thickens to decrease permiability and increase resistance to physical stress
System:
GI
Indications:
diarrhea, ulcers, wound healing
Herbs: Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) and Oak ( Quercus spp.)
Moa:
Tans the mucous membranes making them less permeable
- destroys protein based toxins from microorganisms.
Caution : decreases absorption of nutrients and certain medications
Demulcent ( GI)
Actions:
soothes dry irritated mucous membranes by creating a protective coating
Indications:
inflammation of GI tract ( heartburn, refluc, ulcer, gastritis, colitis, etc. )
Herbs:
Marshmallow ( Althaea officinalis)
Slippery elm ( Ulmus rubra)
Licorice ( Glycyrrhiza glabra)
Caution, May reduce the absorption of medications.
Direct and Indirect Moa of Demulcents.
Direct :
1) Soluble fiber (Marshmallow & slippery elm)
create mucous - like gel. serves as protection from acid, and makes and acid shield. Supplement with extra slime.
Indirect:
Gets your body to make more slime, it stimulates mucous productions.
More of a wet, lubricating mucous, not thick.
Expectorants fit in here.
licorice, marshmallow, slippery elm
Slippery elm
demulcent
Bulk Laxitive &MoA
Actions:
promotes bowl movements by increasing the volume of stool
System:
GI
Indications:
sluggish bowels,
chronic constipation
Herbs: psyllium husk (Plantago psyllium)
ground flax ( linum usitatissimum)
MoA : high fiber absorbs water and expands
makes the stool more malleable
stimulates stretch receptors to stimulate peristalsis.
Caution : may aggravate acute constipation
take with lots of water.
Stimulating Laxative
Actions:
Promotes bowel movements by causing influx of water into the lumen and directly stimultes peristalsis
System:
GI
Indications:
acute constipation
Herbs:
castor oil ( shouldn't use this internally) effects small and large intestine BM in 3-5 hours
senna (Cassia Senna ; Senna alexandrina)
activates large intestine. BM in 6-8 hrs.
Aloe ( Aloe vera) inner leaf, not gel
Stimulating Laxitive MOA
Anthraquinon glycosides
- Increase influx of fluid into the lumen
- Increases peristalsis.
(defication usually in 6-8 hrs)
- Na is pumped in, and there is hydrolysis by gut bacteria.
Side effects :
- red/brown urine
hypokalemia ( low serum potassium, can mess with salt levels)
malanosis (stained and spotted inner bowels)
colic (cramping pain)
Dependece can occur in 10-14 days
Stimulant
Actions:
stimulates the nervous system to inhance physical or mental abilities
System:
Nervous
Cardiovascular
Adrenals
Indications:
Poor concentration
fatigue
Herbs:
(not on slide)
Sympathomimetic and MOA
Actions:
mimics the effects of the sympathetic nervous system
Indications:
poor concentration, fatigue, respiratory, weight loss
Herbs: Ephedra (Ephedra sinica) Bitter orange ( Citrus aurantium) Coca plant ( Erythroxylum coca) coffee ( Coffea arabiaca)
MOA :
- enhances the effects of Neurotransmitters by :
- binding to their receptors
- increasing their release
- preventing the re-uptake at the synaptic junction
Bitter Orange
Citrus aurantium
Sympathomimetic
Thermogenic
Coca plant
Erythroxylum coca
Sympathomimetic
Thermogenic
Coffee
Coffea arabica
Sympathomimetic
Thermogenic + MOA
Actions:
stimulate metabolism to produce heat (fat breakdown)
Indications:
weight loss
Herbs: Green tea (Camelia sinesis) Ephedra (Ephedra sinica) Bitter Orange (Citrus aurantium) Cayenne (Capsicum annuum) Coca plant (Erythroxylum coca)
MoA :
-increases heat production
increases basal metabolic rate
increases oxidation of fat
Parasympathomimetic and MOA
Actions:
mimics the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system
System:
Nervous, digestive, opthalmic
Indications:
dry mouth, glaucoma
Herbs:
jaborandi (Pilocarpus spp.)
fly agaric (Amanita muscaria)
MoA :
Acetylcholine binds to muscarinic receptors and drugs can either
1) bind to muscarinic receptors (agonist)
2) inhibit the breakdown of acetylcholine (cholinesterase inhibitor)
Not used in practice due to serious side effects
Jaborandi
Pilocarpus spp.
Parasympathomimetic
Not used in practice - dangerous side effects
Fly agaric
Amanita muscaria
Parasympathomimetic
Not used in practice - risk of serious side effects
Anticholinergic + MOA
Actions:
inhibits the effects of parasympathetic nervous system
System:
Nervous, Cardiovascular
Respiratory
Indications:
antidote for nerve gas poisoning
GI distress (cramping , nausea, vomitting)
asthma
Herbs: Deadly nightshade (Atropa belladona) Jimson weed (Datura stramonium)
MOA : antagonist of muscarinic receptors
Not used in practice - serious side effects
Deadly nightshade
Atropa belladona
Anticholingeric
Nervine
Actions:
Benefits the nervous system and generally is considered to have a calming or nourishing effect
System:
Nervous
Indications:
stress, insomnia, restlessness, depression
Herbs: kava ( piper methysticum) valerian (Valeriana officinalis) Passion Flower ( Passiflora incarnata) Chamomile ( Matricaria recutita) Skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora) St. John's Wort ( Hypericum perforatum)
Kava
Piper methysticum
Nervine
Sedative
anxiolytic
Valerian
Valeriana officinalis
Nervine
Sedative
anxiolytic
Passion Flower
Passiflora incarnata
Nervine
Sedative
anxiolytic
Skullcap
Scutellaria laterfloria
Nervine
Sedative
anxiolytic
St. John’s Wort
Hypericum perforatum
Nervine
Antidepressant
(good for anxiety and depression - highly studied, but can have drug interactions)
Sedative + MoA
Actions:
Calms the nervous system
System:
Nervous
Indications:
insomnia
Herbs: kava ( piper methysticum) valerian (Valeriana officinalis) Passion Flower ( Passiflora incarnata) Skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora)
MoA :
generally affect the GABA system to have a calming effect on the Nervous system
P1 and P2 detox
Phase 1 detox ( makes a substance more reactive) –> liver
Phase 2 detox –> something added to compound to make it more water or fat soluble.
Hepatoprotective Herbs
milk thistle
• turmeric
Antiulcerogenic herbs
licorice
meadowsweet
german chamomoile
Internal Vulnerary Herbs
Chamomile
GI astringent herbs
Witch Hazel
Oak
Demulcent Herbs
Marshmallow
Slippery Elm
Licorice
Bulk Laxitive (herbs)
psyllium
ground flax
Stim laxitive (herbs)
aloe ‘ resin’
castor oil
senna
Sympathomimetic Herbs
coca plant
ephedra
bitter orange
coffee
Thermogenic Herbs
Herbs: • green tea (Camellia sinensis) • ephedra (Ephedra sinica) • bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) • cayenne (Capsicum annuum) • coca plant (Erythroxylum coca)
Parasympathomimetic ( cholinergics) herbs
jaborandi (Pilocarpus spp.)
• fly agaric (Amanita muscaria)
Jimson weed
anticholinergic
Axiolytic
Actions:
decrease anxiety
Indications:
anxiety
Herbs:
kava
valerian
passion flower
skullcap
MOA :
Antidepressent
Actions:
Improves mood and decreases depression
Herbs:
St. Johns Wort
Comments : enhance availability of NTs involved in mood such as serotonin, dopamine and GABA
Anxiolytic Herbs
kava (Piper methysticum)
• valerian (Valeriana officinalis)
• passion flower (Passiflora incarnata)
• skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora)
Actions:
Indications:
Herbs:
MOA :
Actions:
Indications:
Herbs:
MOA :
Nootropic
Actions: enhances cognition and memory
Indications:
learning/memory
Herbs:
Maidenhair tree (Gingko biloba)
• Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri)
• Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng)
Maidenhair tree
Nootropic
Brahmi
Nootropic
Korean ginseng
Nootropic
adaptogen
Korean ginseng
Nootropic
adaptogen
Male tonic
Cardiotonic
Hyoithalmic Pituitary Adrenal Axis
Signals sent from the hypothalmus to the pituitary which sends down to the adrenal glands. Increases influx of hydrocortisone and aldosterone which: - increases blood volume, increase BP -interferes with reproduction -increases blood sugar
All the bad things!! Continued stress on the body
astragalus
adaptogen
astragalus
adaptogen
cardiotonic
Siberian Ginseng
Adaptogen
American Ginseng
Adaptogen
Ashwagandha
Adaptogen
Adaptogen Indications
Adaptogens contain “steroidal saponins” that mimic our similar to our steroid
hormones which influence most systems:
- adrenal (e.g. fatigue, athletic performance)
- metabolism (e.g. diabetes, weight loss)
- immune (e.g. antiviral, immunomodulator, cancer, anemia)
- reproduction (e.g. fertility, low libido, erectile dysfunction)
- cardiovascular (e.g. hypertension, hypotension, hypercholesteremia)
- digestion (e.g. ulcers, diarrhea) CNS (e.g. memory, cognition, insomnia)
Adaptogen Indications
Adaptogens contain “steroidal saponins” that mimic our similar to our steroid
hormones which influence most systems:
- adrenal (e.g. fatigue, athletic performance)
- metabolism (e.g. diabetes, weight loss)
- immune (e.g. antiviral, immunomodulator, cancer, anemia)
- reproduction (e.g. fertility, low libido, erectile dysfunction)
- cardiovascular (e.g. hypertension, hypotension, hypercholesteremia)
- digestion (e.g. ulcers, diarrhea) CNS (e.g. memory, cognition, insomnia)
Male Tonic and MOA
Actions: tonifies the male reproductive tract
Indications:
aphrodisiac
Herbs:
Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng) & other adaptogens
• saw palmetto (Serenoa repens)
MOA :
modulates testosterone in the system through various mechanism
• may inhibit 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor
Male Tonic Herbs
Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng) & other adaptogens • saw palmetto (Serenoa repens)
Saw palmetto
Male Tonic
Adrenal Tonic and MOA
increases function of the adrenal gland ( cortex)
Indication: Chronic stress. fatigue
Herbs : licorice
MOA :
liquorice contains “glycyrrhetinic acids” that:
- inhibits the conversion of cortisol to cortisone
- prolongs the effects of cortisol
licorice can elevate blood pressure (via sodium and water retention)
• cause potassium loss (hypokalemia)
• can cause “Pseudoaldosteronism” (hypertension )
Adrenal Tonic Herbs
Licorice
Licorice
Antiulcerogenic ( GI)
Demulcent ( GI)
Adrenal Tonic
Cardiotonic
improves and supports cardiac function
Congestive heart failure
Herbs: hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) • motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca) • astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus) • Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng) • lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis)* • foxglove (Digitalis purpurea)*
Note: cardiac glycosides (found in foxglove & lily of the valley) are
toxic relative to the other cardiac tonics.
Cardiotonic Herbs
.hawthorn • motherwort • astragalus • Korean ginseng • lily of the valley • foxglove
Hawthorn
Cardiotonic
Mild Positive ionotropic
Mild negative chronotropic
Antiarrhythmic
motherwort
cardiotonic
Mild negative chronotropic
lily of the valley
Cardiotonic
Moderate Positive ionotropic
Medium negative chronotropic
Antiarrhythmic
Foxglove
Cardiotonic
Strong Positive ionotropic
strongnegative chronotropic
Antiarrhythmic
Postive ionotropic and MOA
increases cardiac contractility (force)
Indicated : conjestive heart failure
Herbs:
hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) = mild
• lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis) = moderate
• foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) = strong
MOA : increase the amount of calcium ions in the cytoplasm of cardiac muscle cells
Positive ionotropic herbs
hawthorn = mild
• lily of the valley = moderate
• foxglove = strong
Negative chronotropic
decrease heart rate
Indications :
tachycardia (fast heart rate)
• heart palpitations
Herbs: motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca) - mild • hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) - mild • lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis) - medium • foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) - strong
Negative Chronotropic herbs
motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca) - mild
• hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) - mild
• lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis) - medium
• foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) - strong
Antiarrhythmic
normalizes the heart - improves the ate
CHF
Heart palpitations
Herbs:
hawthorn
lily of the valley
foxglove
Circulatory stimulants (syn circulatory tonic)
stimulates peripheral circulation
poor circulation ( cold hands and feet)
Herbs:
cayenne (Capsicum annuum)
• ginger (Zingiber officinale)
• rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) - cerebral circulatory stimulant
Circulatory Stimulant Herbs
cayenne (Capsicum annuum)
• ginger (Zingiber officinale)
• rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) - cerebral circulatory stimulant
Rosemarry
Circulatory Stimulant
Ginger
Antithrombotic
Circulatory Stimulant
Cayenne
Circulatory Stimulant
Antihyperlipidemic ( Hypolipidemic)
Possible MOA
helps improve and support cardiac function
indications:
high cholesterol
atherosclerosis (plaque builds up in the arteries)
Herbs: • globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus) • guggalipids (Commiphora mukul) • garlic (Allium sativum) • olive oil & leaf (Olea europaea) • psyllium husk (Plantago psyllium) and other fiber sources
Possible Mechanism of Action:
• increases bile formation and release (i.e.cholesterol excretion)
• decreases cholesterol synthesis (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors)
• binds to cholesterol & bile to decrease absorption of cholesterol
Antihyperlipidemic herbs
globe artichoke • guggalipids (Commiphora mukul) • garlic (Allium sativum) • olive oil & leaf (Olea europaea) • psyllium husk (Plantago psyllium) and other fiber sources
Globe Artichoke
Antihyperlipidemic
guggalipids
Antihyperlipidemic
Psyllium
bulk laxative
Antihyperlipidemic
Garlic
Antihyperlipidemic
Antithrombotic
Olive Oil and Leaf
Antihyperlipidemic
Antihypertensive
Antithrombotic
reduces the formation of thrombi
Indications : prevents MI, stroke, and pulmonary embolism
Herbs: • ginkgo (Gingko biloba) • ginger (Zingiber officinale) • willow (Salix alba) • garlic (Allium sativum)
Note:
these herbs can cause bleeding & can potentiate blood thinners
(e.g. warfarin). Caution: in patients taking blood thinners.
Ginkgo
Antithrombotic
Willow
Antithrombotic
Antithrombotic herbs
ginkgo (Gingko biloba)
• ginger (Zingiber officinale)
• willow (Salix alba)
• garlic (Allium sativum)
Antihypertensive and possible MOA
lowers blood pressure
Herbs: • olive leaf and oil (Olea europea) • pomegranate (Punica granatum) • celery (Apium graveolus) • green tea (Camellia sinensis) • garlic (Allium sativum)
Possible Mechanism of Action: • diuretic • angiotensin converting enzymes (ACE) inhibitors • calcium channel blocker • sympatholytic
Green Tea
Antihypertensive
Celery
Antihypertensive
Pomegranate
Antihypertensive
Antihypertensive
Herbs: • olive leaf and oil (Olea europea) • pomegranate (Punica granatum) • celery (Apium graveolus) • green tea (Camellia sinensis) • garlic (Allium sativum)
Sympatholytic and MOA
substance that reduces sympathetic tone
Indication: hypertension ( high BP)
Herbs: rauwolfia
MOA: inhibits storage of epinephrine, NE, and dopamine. decreases their overall effect
Rauwolfia
Sympatholytic
Phytoestrogenic and MOA
modulates estrogen receptors
Indications:
dysmenorrhea
• menopausal hot flashes
• benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH)
Herbs:
soy (Glycine max)
• flax (Linum usitatissimum) seeds
Moa: partial agonist of estrogen receptors
increases and decreases the effect of endogenous estrogen ( may cause cancer)
Uterine Tonic
tonifies and strengthens the uterus
Indications:
heavy menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia)
• prolapse uterus
• pregnancy (to prevent miscarriage)
Herbs:
• dong quai (Angelica sinensis)
• blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides)
• black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa; Actea racemosa)
Unknown MOA
Soy
Phytoestrogenic
ground flax
bulk laxitive
phytoestrogenic
dong quai
Uterine Tonic
Antispasmotic Herbs
Blue cohosh
Uterine Tonic
Emmenagogue
Black cohosh
Uterine Tonic
Emmenagogue
Antispasmotic Herbs
Uterine Tonic Herbs
dong quai
• blue cohosh
• black cohosh
Uterine Astringent
prevents of arrests bleeding and has affinity for the uterus
Indications:
heavy menses (e.g. menorrhagia)
• post-partum haemorrhage
• uterine prolapse
Herbs
• bethroot (Trillium erectum)
• raspberry (Rubus idaeus))
• shephard’s purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris)
Uterine Astringent Herbs
- bethroot (Trillium erectum)
- raspberry (Rubus idaeus))
- shephard’s purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris)
bethroot
Uterine Astringent Antihemorrhagic
Raspberry
Uterine Astringent
Parturient
Shephards purse
Uterine Astringent
Antihemorrhagic
Antihemorrhagic
prevents or arrests bleeding
Indications : menstrual complaints (e.g. menorrhagia)
• post-partum haemorrhage
Herbs:
bethroot
shepards purse
Note: not all antihemorrhagic herbs are astringent. Some alkaloids
(e.g. indole alkaloids) cause vasoconstriction.
Emmenagogue
induces or regulates menstruation
Indications:
oligomenorrhea ( infrequent)
amenorrhea (absent)
Herbs:
black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa)
• blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides)
• parsley (Petroselinum crispum)
Parsley
Emmenagogue
Emmenagogue Herbs
blue cohosh
black cohosh
parsley
Abortifacient and MOA
terminates pregnancy
Herbs
pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium)
• blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides)
• parsley (Petroselinum crispum)
Moa :
emmenagogues increase uterine contractions
• toxic substances can harm the developing fetus
Abortifacient Herbs
pennyroyal
• blue cohosh
• parsley
Pennyroyal
Abortifacient
Hormone - regulator
balances and reestablish normal hormone levels
Indications: no or light menses (amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea) • premenstrual syndrome (PMS) • breast tenderness • menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea)
Herbs:
chaste tree
MOA:
modulates dopamine receptors (D2) that effects prolactin release
• balances the release of FSH( FSH stimulates the ovarian follicle, causing an egg to grow.) & LH ( The shift to LH causes the egg to be released from the ovary, a process called ovulation)
Chaste Tree
Hormone Regulator
Galactagogue
increase milk production and secretion
Herbs:
fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum)
• blessed thistle (Cnicus benedictus)
Fenugreek
Galactagogue
Blessed Thistle
Galactagogue
Antispasmodic (spasmolytic)
Action?
Indication - menstrual cramps
Herbs:
crampbark (Viburnum opulus)
• dong quai (Angelica sinensis)
• black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa)
Antispasmotic Herbs
crampbark
• dong quai
• black cohosh
Crampbark
Antispasmotic Herbs
Parturient (partus preparatus)
prepares the uterus for labour or assists with childbirth
Herbs:
raspberry
