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Bot Med 1 > Actions Part 3 > Flashcards

Actions Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Hepatic

A

Aids liver function

Indications :
detox
liver disease
hepatic torpor ( lazy liver)

Herbs:
Milk thistle

Most bitters are hepatics

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2
Q

Milk Thistle and MoA

A

Hepatic
Hepatoprotective

1) Increases glutathione - stimulates the
production of glutathione (support phase II detox)

2) binds to hepatocytes
3) antioxidant
4) prevents binding of toxins
5) inhibits beta glucoronidase

Milk thistle stops the cleaving of the sugar molecule by bacteria, allowing the molecule to stay water soluble.

Without the cleaving, it can cause problems like constipation, skin issues, and hormonal problems. ex) estrogen in the GI tract

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3
Q

Hepatoprotective

A

Actions: indirectly/directly helps protect the liver

Indications: 
detox
hepititis
adverse drug reaction
mushroom posioning
alcohol

Herbs:

Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum)
Tumeric (Curcuma Longa)
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4
Q

Antiulcerogenic ( GI)

A

Actions:
speeds up healing of ulcers and prevents
System:
GI, (Skin)

Indications:
Gastritis, gastric ulcer, peptic ulcer, leg ulcer

from H-pylori, pain meds, liquor, acute stress

Herbs:

Licorice ( Glycyrrhiza glabra)
Meadowsweet ( Filipendula ulmaria)
Chamomine ( Matricaria recutita)

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5
Q

Meadowsweet

A

Antiulcerogenic (GI)

Antacid

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6
Q

Antacid and MoA

A

Actions:
decreases acidity in the stomach

Indications:
ulcers, gastritis, reflux

Herbs:
meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria)

MoA: Meadowsweet inhibits histidine decarboxylase that makes histimine (which stimulates stomach acid secretions)

Not for long term use

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7
Q

Vulnerary (Internal)

A

Actions:
speeds up wound healing

System:
GI, skin

Indications:
gastric ulcers
mouth ulcers
esophagitis ( heartburn)

Herbs:
Chamomile ( Matricaria chamomilla)

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8
Q

Astringent GI and MOA

A

Actions:
contracts and thickens to decrease permiability and increase resistance to physical stress

System:
GI

Indications:
diarrhea, ulcers, wound healing

Herbs:
Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana)
and Oak ( Quercus spp.)

Moa:
Tans the mucous membranes making them less permeable
- destroys protein based toxins from microorganisms.

Caution : decreases absorption of nutrients and certain medications

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9
Q

Demulcent ( GI)

A

Actions:
soothes dry irritated mucous membranes by creating a protective coating

Indications:
inflammation of GI tract ( heartburn, refluc, ulcer, gastritis, colitis, etc. )

Herbs:

Marshmallow ( Althaea officinalis)
Slippery elm ( Ulmus rubra)
Licorice ( Glycyrrhiza glabra)

Caution, May reduce the absorption of medications.

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10
Q

Direct and Indirect Moa of Demulcents.

A

Direct :
1) Soluble fiber (Marshmallow & slippery elm)
create mucous - like gel. serves as protection from acid, and makes and acid shield. Supplement with extra slime.

Indirect:
Gets your body to make more slime, it stimulates mucous productions.
More of a wet, lubricating mucous, not thick.
Expectorants fit in here.

licorice, marshmallow, slippery elm

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11
Q

Slippery elm

A

demulcent

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12
Q

Bulk Laxitive &MoA

A

Actions:
promotes bowl movements by increasing the volume of stool

System:
GI

Indications:
sluggish bowels,
chronic constipation

Herbs: 
psyllium husk (Plantago psyllium)

ground flax ( linum usitatissimum)

MoA : high fiber absorbs water and expands
makes the stool more malleable
stimulates stretch receptors to stimulate peristalsis.

Caution : may aggravate acute constipation
take with lots of water.

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13
Q

Stimulating Laxative

A

Actions:
Promotes bowel movements by causing influx of water into the lumen and directly stimultes peristalsis

System:
GI

Indications:
acute constipation

Herbs:

castor oil ( shouldn't use this internally)
effects small and large intestine BM in 3-5 hours

senna (Cassia Senna ; Senna alexandrina)
activates large intestine. BM in 6-8 hrs.

Aloe ( Aloe vera) inner leaf, not gel

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14
Q

Stimulating Laxitive MOA

A

Anthraquinon glycosides

  1. Increase influx of fluid into the lumen
  2. Increases peristalsis.
    (defication usually in 6-8 hrs)
  • Na is pumped in, and there is hydrolysis by gut bacteria.

Side effects :
- red/brown urine
hypokalemia ( low serum potassium, can mess with salt levels)
malanosis (stained and spotted inner bowels)
colic (cramping pain)

Dependece can occur in 10-14 days

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15
Q

Stimulant

A

Actions:
stimulates the nervous system to inhance physical or mental abilities

System:
Nervous
Cardiovascular
Adrenals

Indications:
Poor concentration
fatigue

Herbs:
(not on slide)

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16
Q

Sympathomimetic and MOA

A

Actions:
mimics the effects of the sympathetic nervous system

Indications:
poor concentration, fatigue, respiratory, weight loss

Herbs: 
Ephedra (Ephedra sinica)
Bitter orange ( Citrus aurantium)
Coca plant ( Erythroxylum coca)
coffee ( Coffea arabiaca)

MOA :
- enhances the effects of Neurotransmitters by :

  • binding to their receptors
  • increasing their release
  • preventing the re-uptake at the synaptic junction
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17
Q

Bitter Orange

A

Citrus aurantium
Sympathomimetic
Thermogenic

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18
Q

Coca plant

A

Erythroxylum coca
Sympathomimetic
Thermogenic

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19
Q

Coffee

A

Coffea arabica

Sympathomimetic

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20
Q

Thermogenic + MOA

A

Actions:
stimulate metabolism to produce heat (fat breakdown)

Indications:
weight loss

Herbs: 
Green tea (Camelia sinesis)
Ephedra (Ephedra sinica)
Bitter Orange (Citrus aurantium)
Cayenne (Capsicum annuum)
Coca plant (Erythroxylum coca)

MoA :
-increases heat production
increases basal metabolic rate
increases oxidation of fat

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21
Q

Parasympathomimetic and MOA

A

Actions:
mimics the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system

System:
Nervous, digestive, opthalmic

Indications:
dry mouth, glaucoma

Herbs:
jaborandi (Pilocarpus spp.)
fly agaric (Amanita muscaria)

MoA :
Acetylcholine binds to muscarinic receptors and drugs can either
1) bind to muscarinic receptors (agonist)
2) inhibit the breakdown of acetylcholine (cholinesterase inhibitor)

Not used in practice due to serious side effects

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22
Q

Jaborandi

A

Pilocarpus spp.
Parasympathomimetic

Not used in practice - dangerous side effects

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23
Q

Fly agaric

A

Amanita muscaria
Parasympathomimetic

Not used in practice - risk of serious side effects

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24
Q

Anticholinergic + MOA

A

Actions:
inhibits the effects of parasympathetic nervous system

System:
Nervous, Cardiovascular
Respiratory

Indications:
antidote for nerve gas poisoning
GI distress (cramping , nausea, vomitting)
asthma

Herbs: 
Deadly nightshade (Atropa belladona)
Jimson weed (Datura stramonium)

MOA : antagonist of muscarinic receptors

Not used in practice - serious side effects

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25
Q

Deadly nightshade

A

Atropa belladona

Anticholingeric

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26
Q

Nervine

A

Actions:
Benefits the nervous system and generally is considered to have a calming or nourishing effect

System:
Nervous

Indications:
stress, insomnia, restlessness, depression

Herbs: 
kava ( piper methysticum)
valerian (Valeriana officinalis)
Passion Flower ( Passiflora incarnata)
Chamomile ( Matricaria recutita)
Skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora)
St. John's Wort ( Hypericum perforatum)
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27
Q

Kava

A

Piper methysticum
Nervine
Sedative
anxiolytic

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28
Q

Valerian

A

Valeriana officinalis
Nervine
Sedative
anxiolytic

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29
Q

Passion Flower

A

Passiflora incarnata
Nervine
Sedative
anxiolytic

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30
Q

Skullcap

A

Scutellaria laterfloria
Nervine
Sedative
anxiolytic

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31
Q

St. John’s Wort

A

Hypericum perforatum
Nervine
Antidepressant

(good for anxiety and depression - highly studied, but can have drug interactions)

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32
Q

Sedative + MoA

A

Actions:
Calms the nervous system

System:
Nervous

Indications:
insomnia

Herbs: 
kava ( piper methysticum)
valerian (Valeriana officinalis)
Passion Flower ( Passiflora incarnata)
Skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora)

MoA :
generally affect the GABA system to have a calming effect on the Nervous system

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33
Q

P1 and P2 detox

A

Phase 1 detox ( makes a substance more reactive) –> liver

Phase 2 detox –> something added to compound to make it more water or fat soluble.

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34
Q

Hepatoprotective Herbs

A

milk thistle

• turmeric

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35
Q

Antiulcerogenic herbs

A

licorice
meadowsweet
german chamomoile

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36
Q

Internal Vulnerary Herbs

A

Chamomile

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37
Q

GI astringent herbs

A

Witch Hazel

Oak

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38
Q

Demulcent Herbs

A

Marshmallow
Slippery Elm
Licorice

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39
Q

Bulk Laxitive (herbs)

A

psyllium

ground flax

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40
Q

Stim laxitive (herbs)

A

aloe ‘ resin’
castor oil
senna

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41
Q

Sympathomimetic Herbs

A

coca plant
ephedra
bitter orange
coffee

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42
Q

Thermogenic Herbs

A 
Herbs:
• green tea (Camellia sinensis)
• ephedra (Ephedra sinica)
• bitter orange (Citrus aurantium)
• cayenne (Capsicum annuum)
• coca plant (Erythroxylum coca)
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43
Q

Parasympathomimetic ( cholinergics) herbs

A

jaborandi (Pilocarpus spp.)

• fly agaric (Amanita muscaria)

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44
Q

Jimson weed

A

anticholinergic

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45
Q

Axiolytic

A

Actions:
decrease anxiety
Indications:

anxiety
Herbs:

kava
valerian
passion flower
skullcap

MOA :

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46
Q

Antidepressent

A

Actions:
Improves mood and decreases depression

Herbs:
St. Johns Wort

Comments : enhance availability of NTs involved in mood such as serotonin, dopamine and GABA

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47
Q

Anxiolytic Herbs

A

kava (Piper methysticum)
• valerian (Valeriana officinalis)
• passion flower (Passiflora incarnata)
• skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora)

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48
Q

Actions:
Indications:
Herbs:
MOA :

A

Actions:
Indications:
Herbs:
MOA :

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49
Q

Nootropic

A

Actions: enhances cognition and memory

Indications:
learning/memory

Herbs:
Maidenhair tree (Gingko biloba)
• Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri)
• Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng)

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50
Q

Maidenhair tree

A

Nootropic

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51
Q

Brahmi

A

Nootropic

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52
Q

Korean ginseng

A

Nootropic

adaptogen

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53
Q

Korean ginseng

A

Nootropic
adaptogen
Male tonic
Cardiotonic

54
Q

Hyoithalmic Pituitary Adrenal Axis

A 
Signals sent from the hypothalmus to the pituitary which sends down to the adrenal glands. Increases influx of  hydrocortisone and aldosterone which: 
-  increases blood volume,
increase BP
-interferes with reproduction
-increases blood sugar

All the bad things!! Continued stress on the body

55
Q

astragalus

A

adaptogen

56
Q

astragalus

A

adaptogen

cardiotonic

57
Q

Siberian Ginseng

A

Adaptogen

58
Q

American Ginseng

A

Adaptogen

59
Q

Ashwagandha

A

Adaptogen

60
Q

Adaptogen Indications

A

Adaptogens contain “steroidal saponins” that mimic our similar to our steroid
hormones which influence most systems:

  • adrenal (e.g. fatigue, athletic performance)
  • metabolism (e.g. diabetes, weight loss)
  • immune (e.g. antiviral, immunomodulator, cancer, anemia)
  • reproduction (e.g. fertility, low libido, erectile dysfunction)
  • cardiovascular (e.g. hypertension, hypotension, hypercholesteremia)
  • digestion (e.g. ulcers, diarrhea) CNS (e.g. memory, cognition, insomnia)
61
Q

Adaptogen Indications

A

Adaptogens contain “steroidal saponins” that mimic our similar to our steroid
hormones which influence most systems:

  • adrenal (e.g. fatigue, athletic performance)
  • metabolism (e.g. diabetes, weight loss)
  • immune (e.g. antiviral, immunomodulator, cancer, anemia)
  • reproduction (e.g. fertility, low libido, erectile dysfunction)
  • cardiovascular (e.g. hypertension, hypotension, hypercholesteremia)
  • digestion (e.g. ulcers, diarrhea) CNS (e.g. memory, cognition, insomnia)
62
Q

Male Tonic and MOA

A

Actions: tonifies the male reproductive tract

Indications:
aphrodisiac

Herbs:
Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng) & other adaptogens
• saw palmetto (Serenoa repens)

MOA :
modulates testosterone in the system through various mechanism
• may inhibit 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor

63
Q

Male Tonic Herbs

A 
Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng) & other adaptogens
• saw palmetto (Serenoa repens)
64
Q

Saw palmetto

A

Male Tonic

65
Q

Adrenal Tonic and MOA

A

increases function of the adrenal gland ( cortex)

Indication: Chronic stress. fatigue

Herbs : licorice

MOA :
liquorice contains “glycyrrhetinic acids” that:
- inhibits the conversion of cortisol to cortisone
- prolongs the effects of cortisol

licorice can elevate blood pressure (via sodium and water retention)
• cause potassium loss (hypokalemia)
• can cause “Pseudoaldosteronism” (hypertension )

66
Q

Adrenal Tonic Herbs

A

Licorice

67
Q

Licorice

A

Antiulcerogenic ( GI)
Demulcent ( GI)
Adrenal Tonic

68
Q

Cardiotonic

A

improves and supports cardiac function

Congestive heart failure

Herbs:
hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna)
• motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca)
• astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus)
• Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng)
• lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis)*
• foxglove (Digitalis purpurea)*

Note: cardiac glycosides (found in foxglove & lily of the valley) are
toxic relative to the other cardiac tonics.

69
Q

Cardiotonic Herbs

A 
.hawthorn 
• motherwort 
• astragalus 
• Korean ginseng 
• lily of the valley 
• foxglove
70
Q

Hawthorn

A

Cardiotonic
Mild Positive ionotropic
Mild negative chronotropic
Antiarrhythmic

71
Q

motherwort

A

cardiotonic

Mild negative chronotropic

72
Q

lily of the valley

A

Cardiotonic
Moderate Positive ionotropic
Medium negative chronotropic
Antiarrhythmic

73
Q

Foxglove

A

Cardiotonic
Strong Positive ionotropic
strongnegative chronotropic
Antiarrhythmic

74
Q

Postive ionotropic and MOA

A

increases cardiac contractility (force)

Indicated : conjestive heart failure

Herbs:
hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) = mild
• lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis) = moderate
• foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) = strong

MOA : increase the amount of calcium ions in the cytoplasm of cardiac muscle cells

75
Q

Positive ionotropic herbs

A

hawthorn = mild
• lily of the valley = moderate
• foxglove = strong

76
Q

Negative chronotropic

A

decrease heart rate

Indications :
tachycardia (fast heart rate)
• heart palpitations

Herbs: 
motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca) - mild
• hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) - mild
• lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis) - medium
• foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) - strong
77
Q

Negative Chronotropic herbs

A

motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca) - mild
• hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) - mild
• lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis) - medium
• foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) - strong

78
Q

Antiarrhythmic

A

normalizes the heart - improves the ate

CHF
Heart palpitations

Herbs:
hawthorn
lily of the valley
foxglove

79
Q

Circulatory stimulants (syn circulatory tonic)

A

stimulates peripheral circulation

poor circulation ( cold hands and feet)

Herbs:
cayenne (Capsicum annuum)
• ginger (Zingiber officinale)
• rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) - cerebral circulatory stimulant

80
Q

Circulatory Stimulant Herbs

A

cayenne (Capsicum annuum)
• ginger (Zingiber officinale)
• rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) - cerebral circulatory stimulant

81
Q

Rosemarry

A

Circulatory Stimulant

82
Q

Ginger

A

Antithrombotic

Circulatory Stimulant

83
Q

Cayenne

A

Circulatory Stimulant

84
Q

Antihyperlipidemic ( Hypolipidemic)

Possible MOA

A

helps improve and support cardiac function

indications:
high cholesterol
atherosclerosis (plaque builds up in the arteries)

Herbs:
• globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus)
• guggalipids (Commiphora mukul)
• garlic (Allium sativum)
• olive oil & leaf (Olea europaea)
• psyllium husk (Plantago psyllium) and other fiber sources

Possible Mechanism of Action:
• increases bile formation and release (i.e.cholesterol excretion)
• decreases cholesterol synthesis (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors)
• binds to cholesterol & bile to decrease absorption of cholesterol

85
Q

Antihyperlipidemic herbs

A 
globe artichoke 
• guggalipids (Commiphora mukul)
• garlic (Allium sativum)
• olive oil & leaf (Olea europaea)
• psyllium husk (Plantago psyllium) and other fiber sources
86
Q

Globe Artichoke

A

Antihyperlipidemic

87
Q

guggalipids

A

Antihyperlipidemic

88
Q

Psyllium

A

bulk laxative

Antihyperlipidemic

89
Q

Garlic

A

Antihyperlipidemic

Antithrombotic

90
Q

Olive Oil and Leaf

A

Antihyperlipidemic

Antihypertensive

91
Q

Antithrombotic

A

reduces the formation of thrombi

Indications : prevents MI, stroke, and pulmonary embolism

Herbs: 
• ginkgo (Gingko biloba)
• ginger (Zingiber officinale)
• willow (Salix alba)
• garlic (Allium sativum)

Note:
these herbs can cause bleeding & can potentiate blood thinners
(e.g. warfarin). Caution: in patients taking blood thinners.

92
Q

Ginkgo

A

Antithrombotic

93
Q

Willow

A

Antithrombotic

94
Q

Antithrombotic herbs

A

ginkgo (Gingko biloba)
• ginger (Zingiber officinale)
• willow (Salix alba)
• garlic (Allium sativum)

95
Q

Antihypertensive and possible MOA

A

lowers blood pressure

Herbs:
• olive leaf and oil (Olea europea)
• pomegranate (Punica granatum)
• celery (Apium graveolus)
• green tea (Camellia sinensis)
• garlic (Allium sativum)
Possible Mechanism of Action:
• diuretic
• angiotensin converting enzymes (ACE) inhibitors
• calcium channel blocker
• sympatholytic
96
Q

Green Tea

A

Antihypertensive

97
Q

Celery

A

Antihypertensive

98
Q

Pomegranate

A

Antihypertensive

99
Q

Antihypertensive

A 
Herbs:
• olive leaf and oil (Olea europea)
• pomegranate (Punica granatum)
• celery (Apium graveolus)
• green tea (Camellia sinensis)
• garlic (Allium sativum)
100
Q

Sympatholytic and MOA

A

substance that reduces sympathetic tone

Indication: hypertension ( high BP)

Herbs: rauwolfia

MOA: inhibits storage of epinephrine, NE, and dopamine. decreases their overall effect

101
Q

Rauwolfia

A

Sympatholytic

102
Q

Phytoestrogenic and MOA

A

modulates estrogen receptors

Indications:
dysmenorrhea
• menopausal hot flashes
• benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH)

Herbs:
soy (Glycine max)
• flax (Linum usitatissimum) seeds

Moa: partial agonist of estrogen receptors
increases and decreases the effect of endogenous estrogen ( may cause cancer)

103
Q

Uterine Tonic

A

tonifies and strengthens the uterus

Indications:
heavy menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia)
• prolapse uterus
• pregnancy (to prevent miscarriage)

Herbs:
• dong quai (Angelica sinensis)
• blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides)
• black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa; Actea racemosa)

Unknown MOA

104
Q

Soy

A

Phytoestrogenic

105
Q

ground flax

A

bulk laxitive

phytoestrogenic

106
Q

dong quai

A

Uterine Tonic

Antispasmotic Herbs

107
Q

Blue cohosh

A

Uterine Tonic

Emmenagogue

108
Q

Black cohosh

A

Uterine Tonic
Emmenagogue
Antispasmotic Herbs

109
Q

Uterine Tonic Herbs

A

dong quai
• blue cohosh
• black cohosh

110
Q

Uterine Astringent

A

prevents of arrests bleeding and has affinity for the uterus

Indications:
heavy menses (e.g. menorrhagia)
• post-partum haemorrhage
• uterine prolapse

Herbs
• bethroot (Trillium erectum)
• raspberry (Rubus idaeus))
• shephard’s purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris)

111
Q

Uterine Astringent Herbs

A
  • bethroot (Trillium erectum)
  • raspberry (Rubus idaeus))
  • shephard’s purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris)
112
Q

bethroot

A

Uterine Astringent Antihemorrhagic

113
Q

Raspberry

A

Uterine Astringent

Parturient

114
Q

Shephards purse

A

Uterine Astringent

Antihemorrhagic

115
Q

Antihemorrhagic

A

prevents or arrests bleeding

Indications : menstrual complaints (e.g. menorrhagia)
• post-partum haemorrhage

Herbs:
bethroot
shepards purse

Note: not all antihemorrhagic herbs are astringent. Some alkaloids
(e.g. indole alkaloids) cause vasoconstriction.

116
Q

Emmenagogue

A

induces or regulates menstruation

Indications:
oligomenorrhea ( infrequent)
amenorrhea (absent)

Herbs:
black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa)
• blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides)
• parsley (Petroselinum crispum)

117
Q

Parsley

A

Emmenagogue

118
Q

Emmenagogue Herbs

A

blue cohosh
black cohosh
parsley

119
Q

Abortifacient and MOA

A

terminates pregnancy

Herbs
pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium)
• blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides)
• parsley (Petroselinum crispum)

Moa :
emmenagogues increase uterine contractions
• toxic substances can harm the developing fetus

120
Q

Abortifacient Herbs

A

pennyroyal
• blue cohosh
• parsley

121
Q

Pennyroyal

A

Abortifacient

122
Q

Hormone - regulator

A

balances and reestablish normal hormone levels

Indications: 
no or light menses (amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea)
• premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
• breast tenderness
• menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea)

Herbs:
chaste tree

MOA:
modulates dopamine receptors (D2) that effects prolactin release
• balances the release of FSH( FSH stimulates the ovarian follicle, causing an egg to grow.) & LH ( The shift to LH causes the egg to be released from the ovary, a process called ovulation)

123
Q

Chaste Tree

A

Hormone Regulator

124
Q

Galactagogue

A

increase milk production and secretion

Herbs:
fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum)
• blessed thistle (Cnicus benedictus)

125
Q

Fenugreek

A

Galactagogue

126
Q

Blessed Thistle

A

Galactagogue

127
Q

Antispasmodic (spasmolytic)

A

Action?

Indication - menstrual cramps

Herbs:
crampbark (Viburnum opulus)
• dong quai (Angelica sinensis)
• black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa)

128
Q

Antispasmotic Herbs

A

crampbark
• dong quai
• black cohosh

129
Q

Crampbark

A

Antispasmotic Herbs

130
Q

Parturient (partus preparatus)

A

prepares the uterus for labour or assists with childbirth

Herbs:
raspberry

Bot Med 1 (4 decks)

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