Lecture 1

Question 1

disease in the brain?

Answer 1

encephalopathy

Question 2

disease in the spinal cord?

Answer 2

myelopathy

Question 3

disease in the peripheral nerves?

Answer 3

peripheral neuropathy

Question 4

how do we differentiate between CNS encephalopathies/ myelopathies and peripheral neuropathies?

Answer 4

hyporeflexia, hypotonia
denervation atrophy
unilateral motor/sensory deficits
normal function cranial and caudal of nerve lesion site

Question 5

what do spinal nerves consist of?

Answer 5

roots, a main trunk, 4 primary branches, and peripheral branches

Question 6

where are the roots located

Answer 6

vertebral column

Question 7

T/F peripheral nerve roots are functionally/ anatomically associated with the spinal cord

Answer 7

True

Question 8

Where is the main trunk of a spinal nerve located?

Answer 8

intervertebral foramen

Question 9

Dog: spinal nerve formula

Answer 9

C8 T13 L7 S3 Cd5

Question 10

Horse: spinal nerve formula

Answer 10

C8 T18 L6 S5 Cd7

Question 11

what are the 4 primary branches of a spinal nerve?

Answer 11

Dorsal primary branch
Ventral primary branch
Meningeal branch
Communicating branch

Question 12

What is the largest primary branch?

Answer 12

Ventral branch

Question 13

What does the ventral primary branch supply?

Answer 13

Ventral axial (hypaxial muscles) 
ventrolateral regions (thoracic and pelvic limbs) and skin around these areas

Question 14

Ventral branches from C6 - T1orT2 intermingle to form?

Answer 14

brachial plexus

Question 15

Ventral branches of L4-S4 form?

Answer 15

lumbosacral plexus

Question 16

Functional components of cutaneous nerves?

Answer 16

1. Somatic afferents - from receptors in skin and subcutaneous tissue
2. Somatic efferents - from receptors in blood vessels
3. Visceral efferents - postganglionic sympathetic fibers which have their cells bodies in chain ganglia
   No somatic efferents because no striated muscle

Question 17

Area of skin supplied by a give cutaneous nerve?

Answer 17

Cutaneous area

Question 18

Areas supplied by more than one cutaneous nerve?

Answer 18

Overlap zone

Question 19

Areas supplied by only one cutaneous nerve?

Answer 19

Autonomic zone

Question 20

What is the difference between a dermatome and a cutaneous area?

Answer 20

Dermatomes are supplied by a complete spinal segment whereas a cutaneous area is supplied by a specific nerve

Question 21

Functional components of muscle nerves?

Answer 21

Somatic afferents
Visceral afferents and efferents (going and coming from blood vessels in muscle)
Somatic efferents (this is what distinguishes muscle nerves from cutaneous nerves)

Question 22

T/F muscle nerves can originate from meningeal and communicating branches of spinal nerves

Answer 22

False: muscle nerves can only originate from dorsal and ventral primary branches