lecture-1 Flashcards
sagittal plane
right and left sides
parallel to median plane
transverse plane
horizontal plane
superior/inferior
coronal plane
anterior/poster
Superior is the same as
cephalic
rostral
cranial
inferior is the same as
caudal
Sternal angle of louis
between the manubrium and the body
2nd rib attaches at the sternal angle
true ribs
1-7
attach via costal cartilage directly to sternum
false ribs
8-10
attach to rib 7 costal cartilage
floating ribs
11-12
have costal cartilage but do NOT attach anteriorly
costal groove
site of Neurovascular bundle (NVB)
VAN
vein, artery, nerve
Typical ribs
ribs 3-9
attach to body of same number
attach to body of lower number
attach to transverse process of same number
example rib 6 attaches to body of 6, body of 5, transverse process of 6
Skin layers (order)
epidermis dermis hypodermis superficial fascia fat deep fascia
afferent nerve endings are found in which layer of the skin
epidermis
cutaneous nerves are found in which layer of the skin
hypodermis
lymphatic vessels are found in which layer of the skin
hypodermis
blood vessels are found in which layer of the skin
hypodermis
langer lines
tension lines
natural orientation of collagen fibers in dermis and epidermis
clinical surgeons cut parallel to langer lines for better healing and less scarring
pectoralis major
two heads - clavicular and sternocostal
A: adducts & medial rotates arms
I: Medial (SH) & lateral (CH) pectoral nerve
B: Thoracoacromial artery
cephalic vein is found in
deltopectoral triangle
cephalic vein dives into the
clavipectoral fascia
clavipectoral fascia covers the
pec minor
pectoralis minor
A: DEPRESSES SHOULDER AND ELEVATES RIBS (important inspiratory muscle)
I: medial pectoral nerve
B: Thoracoacromial artery
Which nerve pierces pectoral minor?
medial pectoral nerve
Lump
cyst, fibrocystic disease, hormonal
tumor
abscess
Dimpling
injury
benign mass
invasion of suspensory ligaments (or injury)
Retracted Nipple
invasion of lactiferous ducts
Peau dā orange
rough, hard, yellow skin (like an orange peel)
lymphatic blockage
Warmth / Redness
pregnancy, menstrual cycle
warm - fast growing tumor with large vascular demand ā> dilation of superficial veins
Less mobile breast
injury, implant, muscular development
invasion of deep fascia of pectoral muscles
inverted nipple
10% of females have inverted nipples as a normal condition
polymastia
extra breasts
polythelia
extra nipples
gynecomastia
male breasts
feminization
Flexion
decreases angle between two body parts
Extension
increases angle between two body parts
ABduction
Away from the midline
ADduction
ADDing to the midline
Medial Rotation
rotating towards the midline
anterior surface points toward midline
Circumduction
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
circular rotation
Axillary lymphatic nodes
lateral
breast cancer metasisize
Parasternal lymphatic nodes
medial
Clavicular Nodes
axillary and parasternal drain into the clavicular nodes which drain into large veins of the neck
Breasts are located in the
superficial fascia
External intercostal muscles
Hands in pocket
help elevate ribs
Internal intercostal muscles
Down and out
help elevate ribs
Innermost intercostal muscles
give rise to transverse thoracic muscles
Brachiocephalic artery gives rise to
right subclavian
aorta gives rise to
left subclavian
