Lecture 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What does large size in animals indicate?
A
-an example of patterns in biology
2
Q
Big Animals
A
- Why aren’t they even bigger
- How do we know the extinct ones existed?
- How do we know when they lived?
- Were they separately created or related by heredity?
- How can we reconstruct patterns through time?
- Are there underlying mechanisms?
3
Q
Essential features of science?
A
- observation, hypothesis formation
- hypotheses are tentative, and used to predict outcomes of future observations or experiments in the real world
- hypothetical predictions must be falsifiable, i.e. they must be provably wrong by being stated in a form that allows failure in testing
- hypotheses that survive multiple testing become theories. Theories are well established, but still subject to falsification
- Ideas that do not meet the above criteria are not science, even though they may pretend to be. Know as the demarcation problem
4
Q
Pseudo-science
A
- subjects that claim to be science but are based on dogmatic ideas and non-valid forms of investigation
- ex: homeopathic medicine, creationism, telekenisis
5
Q
Near science
A
- topics that are not yet science, but could be in the future
- ex: existence of other universes
6
Q
Former science
A
- topics once considered to provide explanations of the universe but shown false
- ex: astrology, phlogiston theory
7
Q
Simplistic definition of evolution
A
- lower forms give rise to higher ones
- complex organisms by random accident
- survival of the fittest
- origin of species
- changes in allele frequency
8
Q
Better definition of evolution
A
- heritable changes in the genome expressed in physiology, development, and morphology of an organismal lineage through time
- lacks reference to mechanisms–>important missing componenent
9
Q
Definition of evolution tied to mechanism (Darwin 1859 Origin of Species)
A
- Not all progeny can survive
- variation among individuals
- advantageous variation will help some survive
- if favorable variation can be passed on to offspring, there will be evolutionary change=NATURAL SELECTION
10
Q
Phylogeny
A
- all life is related by common descent in a branching pattern
- fundamental to genetic mechanisms in evolution–>Darwin
11
Q
Can we know about the deep past?
A
- methodological naturalism
- inductive logic
- parsimony
- present is key to the past
12
Q
Parsimony
A
-simplest explanation is the best
13
Q
Role of theories as seen by creationists
A
-Question–>Theory–>Fact
14
Q
Role of theories as used in science
A
Question–>Hypothesis–>Theory while Facts are pointed toward each of the arrows in the step.
15
Q
Methodological Naturalism
A
- Viewpoint science takes
- natural world operates by regular rules that can be discovered, can be empirically tested, and are independent of any supernatural whim
- not identical to ontological naturalism but also does not contradict