lecture 1 Flashcards
Drugs: 1710-1715
animal parts and fluids
Drugs: 100 years ago
- arsenic, strychnine, mercury used for BP
- opium, aspirin, nova-cane
Drugs: 60 years ago
- few antibiotics, high BP, asthma
- local anesthetics, insulin, antibacterial drugs
Drugs: today
- 19 new drugs last year
The mechanism by which drugs act on the body - drug targets
pharmacodynamics
all drugs must have a ___
target (physiological or biochemical)
7 targets of drugs
membrane receptor, intracellular receptor, enzymatic pathway, transporter, ion channel, specific and nonspecific binding
agents that work by chemical affects
antacid - CaCO3
agents that work by osmotic effects
laxatives, diuretics
agents that act binding non-specifically to large molecules
- protein denaturents (ethanol)
- anticancer drugs (bind non-specifically to DNA)
agents that bind specifically to large molecule
- monoclonal antibodies
- infliximab (binds to TNF to treat arthritis)
protein or protein complex which is a detector of cell signals
receptor
receptors are ___
sensitive, selective, specific in its response
receptor activators
agonist
receptor blocker
antagonist
binds to receptor but doesn’t fully activate
partial agonist
changes when receptor is bound by agonist
- enzyme activation (adenylate cyclase)
- activation of transport system
- opening of ion channel
steroids effect intracellular receptors
intracellular receptors alter DNA expression
desensitization is
of receptors can be changed
very rapid desensitization
tachyphylaxis
maximum therapeutic effect
efficacy
effect of drug related to dose
potency
therapeutic index
TD50/ED50
Specific enzymes
AMHTNII - and my head takes nothing in insomnia
- aspirin, methotrexate, heparin, tranylcypromine, nitroglycerine, imitinib, infliximab
Transport systems
CCFO - cocaine cody flies over
- cocaine, chlorothiazide, fluoxetine (prozac), omeprazole (prilosec)
Ion channels
NMP - no more potassium
- nifedipine, minoxidil, procaine (novacaine)
Extra-cellular receptors
PCPMI - pop cans produce more issues
- propranolol, cimetidine, prazosin, morphine, insulin
Intra-cellular receptors
Steroids, glucocorticoids, cortisol
infliximab is a
monoclonal antibody - binds to specific molecule (TNF)
