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Immunology > Lecture 1&2 Intro and cells of immune system > Flashcards

Lecture 1&2 Intro and cells of immune system Flashcards

1
Q

colonize body surfaces but do not invade the body and dont normally cause disease

A

commensals

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2
Q

organism that can cause disease

A

pathogen

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3
Q

cause disease every time it invades body, even in small numbers such as HIV

A

primary pathogen

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4
Q

cause disease only when administered in high doses

A

opportunistic pathogen

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5
Q

why is it better/why do multiple mechanisms work together to ensure microbial destruction

A

bacteria grow fast meaning more chances of mutation/adaptation

having multiple mechanisms allow for something to always be available to defend

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6
Q

what are the two branches of the immune system

A

innate immunity
adaptive immunity

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7
Q

characteristics of innate immunity

A

1.immediate protection (first line of defense)

2.always there, can’t change..has to act fast

3.not specific only worried if something is foreign or not

4.activated by PAMPs and DAMPs

5.provides important signals for adaptive immune response

  1. efficient
  2. can work independently of adaptive immunity but enhanced by adaptive immunity
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8
Q

characteristics of adaptive immunity

A
  1. cells dont recognize pathogen as a whole; VERY SPECIFIC
    2.develops days to weeks after exposure
  2. memory
  3. tolerance (prevents us from attacking our own cells)
  4. enhance innate immune response
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9
Q

components of innate immunity

A

1.physical/chemical barriers
2.phagocytic and sentinel cells
3.complement system
4.innate defense cytokines
5. natural kill (NK) cells

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10
Q

components of adaptive immunity (2 types of adaptive immunity)

A

1.humoral immunity (antibodies)
2.cell-mediated immunity ( T-helper, cytotoxic T cells, and gamma delta T cells)

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11
Q

what makes up the innate defense physical/chemical barriers

A

epithelial barriers (skin, mucus membrane)
normal microflora
acid environment in stomach
antimicrobial peptides

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12
Q

these ingest and kill pathogens

A

phagocytic cells

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13
Q

examples of phagocytic cells

A

neutrophils
macrophages

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14
Q

resident tissue cells that detect invasion by recognizing PAMPs and DAMPs

A

sentinel cells

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15
Q

examples of sentinel cells

A

dendritic cells (DC)
macrophages
mast cells

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16
Q

what does PAMPs stand for

A

pathogen-associated molecular patterns

**tells innate immune system that something is foriegn)

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17
Q

what does DAMPs stand for

A

damage-associated molecular patterns
**turns of the immune response

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18
Q

what is the complement system

A

an rapidly induced enzyme cascade system that has antimicrobial activity
series of 20-30 proteins in blood plasma
multiple mechanisms for controlling infection

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19
Q

protein messenger molecule that can act on other cells or the cell that produced it

tells what response is needed based on the pathogen noticed by the sentinel cells

A

cytokines

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20
Q

secreted by sentinel cells in response to PAMPs and DAMPS

cause fever, lethargy, and loss of appetite

A

proinflammatory cytokines

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21
Q

examples of pro-inflammatory cytokines

A

IL-1
IL-6
TNF

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22
Q

these cause cells to migrate to sites of infection, some produced by sentinel cells

A

chemokines

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23
Q

interferes with replication of viruses; produced by virally infected cells

A

interferons

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24
Q

What are NK cells

A

also called natural killer cells (type of lymphocyte)

  1. part of innate defense
  2. looking for the absence of normal (missing receptor, etc.)
  3. kill virus infected cells and tumor cells
  4. recognize and kill cells that DO NOT express normal proteins
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25
Q

humoral immunity is mediated by ________

A

antibodies

named so because transfer of body ‘humors’ from protected animal to naïve animal could provide protection

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26
Q

__ cells or ___ lymphocytes produce antibodies

A

B,B

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27
Q

what are the types of antibodies

A

IgM
IgG
IgA
IgE

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28
Q

named so because transfer of cells from protected animal to naïve animal could provide protection

A

cell-mediated immunity

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29
Q

another word for antibody

A

immunoglobulin (Ig)

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30
Q

what are the two classes of T cells based on T cell receptors

A

Alpha Beta T cells
examples of alpha beta T cells:T helper cells and
Cytotoxic T cells

Gamma delta T cells

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31
Q

any type of white blood cell (WBC)

A

leukocyte

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32
Q

a type of WBC (T cell, B cell, and NK cell)

A

lymphocyte

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33
Q

what are some examples of granulocyte/ polymorphonuclear cells

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

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34
Q

define granulocyte/polymorphonuclear

A

present granules
multi-lobular nucleus

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35
Q

if cells are phagocytic they are referred to as

A

monoocytes

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36
Q

if cells are NOT phagocytic they are referred to as

A

lymphocytes

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36
Q

these cells are important for clotting

A

platelets

36
Q

approximate percentage of eosinophils in blood and half-lives

A

1-3% of WBCs in circulation

30 minutes in blood stream then go to tissues and are mostly found under epithelial surfaces; they live a couple of week in the tissues then replaced by new cells

36
Q

approximate percentage of basophils in blood and half-lives

A

0.5% of WBCs in circulation
1-2 days

37
Q

approximate percentage of monocyte in blood and half-lives

A

3-7% of WBCs in circulation
circulate 1-2 days then migrate to tissue and differentiate into a macrophage (guard cell)

38
Q

approximate percentage of neutrophils in blood and half-lives

A

55-90% of WBCs in circulation
8 to 10 hours

39
Q

approximate percentage of lymphocyte in blood and half-lives

A

20-35% of WBCs in circulation

120 days; circulate for about 4 months between blood and lymphoid tissues searching for antigens they recognize
* if they dont find their match (antigen) they die*

40
Q

do basophils contain granules

A

yes, that stain basophilic filled with inflammatory mediators

examples: histamine, serotonin

41
Q

do eosinophil contain granules

A

yes which stain eosinophilic filled with potent mediators capable of killing parasites

42
Q

basophils are important in ________ and ________ infections (secondary to eosinophils)

A

allergy
parasitic

43
Q

eosinophils are important in control of ________________

A

extracellular parasites

**eosinophilia can occur with some parasites and allergies

44
Q

macrophages are found in most tissues and are extremely important in immune responses:

list 3 responses

A

phagocytosis and killing bacteria
presentation of antigen on MHC 2
secretion of cytokines

45
Q

monocytes/macrophages arrive at the site of infection __________ neutrophils. Their accumulation at the site of inflammation is a sign of __________________

A

after
chronic infection

46
Q

_____________ spends a lot of energy making neutrophils

A

bone marrow

47
Q

why does bone marrow spend a lot of energy making neutrophils

A

easier to just kill off something rapidly which is what neutrophils do compared to other lymphocytes

48
Q

roles of neutrophils

A
  1. first responders (arrive within 4hrs)
  2. exit blood stream at the site of infection and accumulate in large numbers to ingest and kill pathogens
  3. attack and destroy (suicide bombers) pathogens especially bacteria and fungi and die in the process
49
Q

bone marrow increases production of neutrophils in response to bacteria infection resulting in a left shift known as _____________

A

neutrophilia (elevated neutrophil count in blood)

50
Q

neutrophilia is commonly seen in animals with a _________ infection

A

bacterial

51
Q

dead neutrophils result in the formation of _________

A

pus

52
Q

lower than normal numbers of neutrophils in the blood stream

A

neutropenia

53
Q

neutropenia is seen in animals with a __________ infection

A

viral

54
Q

what is unique characteristic of lymphocytes compared to other WBCs

A

other WBCs once they exit the blood they stay in the tissues

lymphocytes are able to bounce between blood and tissues

55
Q

B-cells and T-cells are part of ____________ immunity

A

adaptive

56
Q

If lymphocytes (B,T, and NK cells) meet their antigen, what happens?

A

they get activated and some differentiate into memory cells

57
Q

what is the importance of endothelial cells that line the blood and lymph vessels

A

important for regulating leukocytic (WBC) traffic

have addressins that allow circulating WBCs to know where the are in the body (flags)

58
Q

what are addressins

A

adhesion molecules in endothelial cells that stick a flag in the spot in the body to tell WBCs where they are at

59
Q

what happens to addressins when infection is present

A

they are upregulated to facilitate binding of neutrophils to the endothelial cells and their subsequent exit to the site of infection

60
Q

all immune cells originate from _______________

A

bone marrow

61
Q

what are the three lineages of immune cells

A

erythroid
myeloid
lymphoid

62
Q

what are examples of erythroid

A

RBC
platelets

63
Q

what are examples of myeloid

A

monocytes
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
some dendritic cells (important in initiation of immune response)
mast cells

64
Q

what are examples of lymphoid

A

B cells
T cells
NK cells
some dendritic cells

65
Q

____________are released in a mature state

A

granulocytes

66
Q

___________ cells migrate to tissues and mature. These are important __________ and ___________. Key in initiation of adaptive immunity.

A

dendritic
sentinel cells and antigen presenting cells

67
Q

______________ precursors leave bone marrow and mature in tissues. Live from weeks to months and are important in parasitic infection and allergies

A

mast cells

68
Q

__________________ are released immature from the bone marrow as ________ which go to the thymus to mature

A

T lymphocytes
pre-T cells

69
Q

in the _________, a T-cell receptor is generated by DNA arrangments

A

thymus

70
Q

T/F each T-cell has a specific cognitive antigen

A

TRUE

71
Q

T/F if the newly generated receptor recognizes antigen in thymus, it is eliminated

A

TRUE

72
Q

T/F if the newly generated receptor recognizes MGC molecule but not antigen, then the T cell matures and goes to secondary lymphoid tissue

A

TRUE

73
Q

____________ are released immature from the bone marrow as pre- ____cells, which mature in primary lymphoid tissue

A

B lymphocytes
B

74
Q

T cells are to the thymus, as B cells are to

A

primates, rabbits, rodents: bone marrow
birds: bursa of Fabricius
Ruminants, pigs, dogs: Peyer’s patch

75
Q

NK cells are released _____________ from the bone marrow

Immature or mature

A

mature; ready to function

76
Q

T/F NK cells are antigen specific

A

false

just B and T cells

77
Q

Do NK cells have memory

A

NO
they are apart of the innate immunity

78
Q

Differentiation in secondary lymphoid organ occurs when a _______, ___________ B or T cell meets its __________

A

mature, naïve
antigen

79
Q

B cells differentiate into effector ________________ that secrete antibody, or ____________ which are long lived clones of the cell

A

plasma cells
memory cells

80
Q

T cells in response to their antigen, differentiate into _________ or _____________

A

memory or effector cells

81
Q

distribution of lymphocytes in the body:

highest % location
lowest % location

A

40% lymph nodes
2% blood

82
Q

primary lymphoid organs

A

bone marrow
Peyer’s patch
Bursa
Thymus

83
Q

____________ of lymphocytes takes place in primary lymphoid tissues-lymphocytes from bone marrow travel to these tissues to mature

A

maturation

84
Q

large number of lymphocytes are located in the _____________ waiting to encounter their antigen

this tissue increases chances of a lymphocyte meeting its antigen

A

secondary lymphoid tissue

85
Q

lymphocyte rich tissue connected to lymphatic system, where adaptive immunity response to lymph-borne antigen is initiated

A

lymph nodes

86
Q

site for adaptive immune response to blood borne antigens

A

spleen

87
Q

where adaptive immune response to antigens invading from the mucosal surfaces is initiated

A

MALT (mucosal associated lymphoid tissue)

88
Q
A

Immunology (12 decks)

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