Lecture 1+2+DLA

Question 1

fear conditioning

Answer 1

paring an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus to produce the conditioned response of fear

Question 2

extinction learning

Answer 2

paring the unconditioned stimulus with no conditioned stimulus.. eventually no fear response will occur

Question 3

contextual fear learning

Answer 3

forming a fear for one thing and not another

ex: red cage vs blue cage

Question 4

fear learning vs extinction learning in humans

Answer 4

ventromedial prefrontal cortex is suppressed and amygdala is active during fear learning

In extinction learning the ventromedial prefrontal cortex is active and the amygdala is suppressed

Question 5

contextual fear learning in the brain

Answer 5

Contextual cues signaling threat: Hippocampus up-regulates the amygdala

contextual cues signaling safety: hippocampus down-regulates the amygdala

Question 6

James-Lange theory of emotion

Answer 6

emotional stimuli cause a physical response which drives subjective feelings

emotional experience is driven by emotional expression

Question 7

Cannon-bard theory of emotion

Answer 7

Emotional stimuli cause simultaneous physical response and subjective feeling

physiological response and subjective feeling occur at the same time (by the thalamus)

Question 8

Schachter-Singer theory of emotion

Answer 8

Two-factor theory: Cognitive appraisal and
physiological state interact to give rise to subjective
feeling

humans cognitively appraise the emotional situation which then shapes their subjective experience and response… supports the use of CBT

Question 9

KLUVER-BUCY SYNDROME

Answer 9

docility 
loss of fear 
psychotic blindness
hyperorality 
hyperphagia 
hypersexuality  

memory impairment
aphasia
seizures

lesion of the limbic system

Question 10

ventromedial frontal lobe

Answer 10

critical role in behavioral monitoring and emotion regulation

Phineas gage

Question 11

tansorbital Lobotomy or “Icepick” Lobotomy

Answer 11

emotion disinhibition
emotion flattening
decreased goal-oriented behavior

Question 12

Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Answer 12

aura (Deja vu, sense of fear, false smells/taste) 
Behavioral automatisms
attention/ cognitive symptoms 
ictal ischemia 
mood changes

Question 13

anxiety disorders generally

Answer 13

abnormal when…

elicited by inappropriate cues (or no cues)
excessive in intensity
excessive in duration (more than 6 months)

Question 14

panic disorder

Answer 14

recurrent and unexpected panic attacks

for more than 1 month someone:
fear of future panic attacks
a significant change in behavior related to attacks

symptoms: 
cardiac symptoms 
sweating
shortness of breath 
intense fear
fear of dying or losing control 
feeling detached 
etc.

Question 15

Agoraphobia

Answer 15

fear of two or more of public spaces
ex: using pubic transportation / open spaces

These situations are feared/avoided because of
thoughts that escape might be difficult if embarrassing symptoms arise

often develops with panic disorder; not always

Question 16

specific phobia

Answer 16

A phobia is an excessive, persistent and disproportional fear of an object or situation

fear is going to occur when exposed to stimulus or avoids

leads to impairment not accounted by different disorder

Question 17

social anxiety disorder

Answer 17

Excessive, persistent and unrealistic fear of social
situations involving possible scrutiny by others due to
fear of negative evaluation

social situations are avoided or endured with stress

can be specific (like performance anxiety)

Question 18

Generalized anxiety disorder

Answer 18

Persistent uncontrolled anxiety about multiple events for ≥ 6 months

restlessness, on edge 
decreased concentration 
muscle tension 
fatigue 
irritability 
insomnia

Question 19

separation anxiety disorder

Answer 19

Developmentally inappropriate and excessive anxiety concerning separation from major attachment figure

person gets very stressed when anticipating or during separation

Question 20

selective mutism

Answer 20

Refusal to speak in specific situations despite fluent speech in other contexts

refusal to speak is due to anxiety

symptoms have to persist for more than 1 month

Not due to lack of language knowledge or a
communication disorder.

Question 21

treatment for anxiety disorders

Answer 21

CBT:
modifying thoughts to change emotion and use exposure techniques to change emotion

try CBT first or do together with drugs

antidepressants: (SSRI)
paroxetine / steraline

benzodiazepines:
GABA agonists
short-term use is better
diazepam / alprazolam