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Cellular Biology 2020 > Lecture 1-2 Cells > Flashcards

Lecture 1-2 Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the “Cell Theory” of Life

A
  1. All Organisms are composed of cells
  2. Cells are the smallest structural units of life
  3. Cells only arise from other cells
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2
Q

What are common features of living cells?

A
  1. Boundaries or limiter = Cell plasma membrane
  2. Mechanism for harvesting/utilizing energy
  3. Mechanism of inheritance
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3
Q

What type of membrane does a cell have?

A

surrounded by a lipid bilayer

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4
Q

Define a membranes function?

A

creates a semi-permeable barrier/interface between a cell and its environment.

Also involved in diverse cellular processes

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5
Q

Define an Autotroph

A

uses photosynthesis for metabolism

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6
Q

Define Heterotroph

A

uses respiration for chemical energy

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7
Q

What are the 3 steps in a cells inheritance?

A

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

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8
Q

Define replication

A

makes copies of DNA which are inherited by daughter cells during cell division

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9
Q

Define Transcription

A

copies DNA to RNA

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10
Q

Define Translation

A

converts the sequence of messenger RNA to sequence of polypeptide (protein)

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11
Q

What are the 2 main cell classes?

A

Prokaryote and Eukaryote

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12
Q

What are some characteristics of a Prokaryote?

A

double membrane, circular DNA, no internal compartments

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13
Q

What are some characteristics of a Eukaryote?

A

DNA chromosomes in nucleus

many organelles, membrane bound compartments

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14
Q

List the membrane-bound compartments?

A

Nucleus, Rough ER, Smooth ER, Ribosomes, Endosomes, Lysosomes, Mitochondria, Peroxisomes

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15
Q

Define a Nucleus?

A

repository of cell genome, DNA replication and transcription

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16
Q

Define Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

A

synthesis of membrane and secretory proteins

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17
Q

Define Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

A

lipid metabolism/biosynthesis

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18
Q

Define Ribosome

A

not membrane bound, also found in prokaryotes.

protein synthesis

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19
Q

Define Golgi Apparatus

A

processing and sorting of membrane and secretory proteins

20
Q

Define Endosomes

A

sorting of endocytosed material and membrane recycling

21
Q

Define Lysosomes

A

digestion and recycling of macromolecules and organelles

22
Q

Define Mitochondria

A

site of aerobic production of ATP

23
Q

Define Peroxisomes

A

redox chemistry

24
Q

Structural differences between animal and plant cells?

A

vacuole, cell wall and chloroplasts

25
Q

What are the 3 domains used to classify cells?

A

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

26
Q

Features of viruses that distinguish them from cells

A

Cannot self-reproduce, limited metabolism

27
Q

T/F Transmission Electron Microscope can show details like ribosomes attached to the ER?

A

True - TEM resolves as small as 1-2 nm and ribosomes are 20nm

28
Q

I would use a transmission electron microscope to examine the surface topology of a cell?

A

False - SEM shows detailed surface in the 3-20 nm range

29
Q

Prokaryotes have a true nucleus?

A

False - prokaryotes do not have a true nucleus

30
Q

Organelles are generally membrane bound?

A

True - Organelles are specialized subunits within a cell that have a specific function and usually separately enclosed within their own lipid bilayer

31
Q

Why is resolution of an electron microscope better than that of a light microscope?

A

Electrons have a shorter wavelength than light

32
Q

What is GFP and what are the advantages over immunofluorescence?

A

a fluoresent protein that can be attached to another protein to visualize its localization. The advantage of this technique is that it can be used in living cells.

33
Q

GFP disadvantages over immunofluorescence?

A

GFP is a large protein, which may disrupt the initial proteins interactions or localization making it inactive

34
Q

What type of microscope is used to examine the surface topology of a cell?

A

Surface Electron Microscope (SEM)

35
Q

Chloroplasts evolved when a respiring eukaryote ingested a…

A

photosynthetic bacterium

36
Q

RNA based enzymes are called…

A

ribozymes

37
Q

Prokaryotes are comprised of domains Bacteria and …

A

Archaea

38
Q

Microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments all form the …

A

cytoskeleton

39
Q

The interior of a cell is much like a matrix of cytoplasm into which the different organelles are dispersed. What regulates the spatial arrangement of the organelles within the cytoplasm and prevents them from getting mixed up?

A

The cytoskeleton

40
Q

Would mitochondria be able to survive as an independent organism today, if they were taken out of the eukaryotic cell?

A

No. Most of the genes have been transferred to the nucleus from the mitochondria that are necessary for its survival.

41
Q

What is the difference between the cytoplasm and cytosol of the cell?

A

Cytoplasm is inside plasma membrane.

Cytosol is outside organelles

42
Q

List order of evolution from earliest to latest for the following organelles and cellular processes:
Chloroplast, mitochondria, nucleus, respiration, photosynthesis

A

Photosynthesis, nucleus, respiration, mitochondria, chloroplast

43
Q

Discuss the lines of evidence for the evolution of chloroplasts and mitochondria by endosymbiosis

A

Double membrane, own DNA, prokaryotic like proteins, etc

44
Q

Which likely evolved first, RNA or DNA? Include evidence that supports your answer

A

RNA, it can store information and act as an enzyme

45
Q

What is the C-value paradox?

A

Genome size does not correlate with organismal complexity; for example some single celled protists have genomes much larger than that of humans.

Cellular Biology 2020 (10 decks)

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