Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

4.2C Personality disorders > Lecture 1&2 > Flashcards

Lecture 1&2 Flashcards

DSM-5 criteria Personality Disorders

1
Q

Cluster A

A
  • paranoid pd
  • schizoid pd
  • schizotypical pd

individuals appear odd or eccentric (5.7%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

cluster B

A
  • antisocial pd
  • borderline pd
  • histrionic pd
  • narcissistic pd

individuals appear dramatic, emotional or erratic (1.5%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

cluster C

A
  • avoidant pd
  • dependent pd
  • obsessive-compulsive pd

individuals appear anxious or fearful (6.0%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

prevalence for any pd

A

9.1%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

general pd

is het soort overkoepelende –> hierna komen ze allemaal specifiek

criteria A t/m F

A

A. pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individuals culture. this pattern is manifested in 2 (or more) of following areas:

  1. cognition (how you perceive self, others, world)
  2. affectivity (range, intensitity, lability and appropriateness of emotional repsonse)
  3. interpersonal functioning
  4. impulse control

B. pattern is inflexible and pervasive across broad range of personal and social sittuations
C. pattern leads to clinically sign distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
D. pattern is stable and of long duration –> onset can be traced back at least to adolscence or early adulthood
E. pattern is not better explained by other mental disorder
F. pattern is not due to effects of substance or other medical condition.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Diagnostic features general PD

Personality traits

A

Enduring patterns of:
- perceiving
- relating to
- thinking about

the environment and oneself that are exhibited in a wide range of social and personal contexts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Development and course general PD

A

Begin features: adolescence/early adulthood

Enduring pattern of thinking, feeling and behaving that is relative stable over time

A PD can be diagnosed in indi’s under 18 years –> features must be present for at least 1 year.
Except antisocial PD –> cannot be diagnosed in indi younger than 18.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Gender in PD

A

More frequent in males:
- antisocial pd

More freq in females:
- borderline
- histrionic
- dependent PD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

PD

differential diagnosis

A

Psychotic disorders: pattern of behaviour must not have occured during course of schizophernia, bipolar or depressive disorder with psychotic features.

depressive or anixiety disorder, cautious during these episodes to diagnose a PD

Personality change after a lot of stress, consider PTSD

with substance use disorder, careful that behaviour is not associated with substance consequences

personality changes due to medical condition (brain tumor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cluster A

Paranoid personality disorder

A

A. Pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent, beginning by early adulthood, with 4 or more of following:
1. suspects, without sufficient basis, that others are exploiting, harming or deceiving him/her
2. preoccupied with doubts about loyalty or trustworthiness of friends or associates
3. reluctant to confide in others because of fear that information will be used maliciously against them
4. reads hidding demeaning or threatening meanings into benign remarks or events
5. percieves attacks on his/her character/reputation that are not apparent to others and is quick to react angrily or to counterattack
6. has recurrent suspicions, without justification, regarding fidelity of spouse or sexual partner.

B. Does not occur exclusively during the course of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or depressive disorder with psychotic features, or another psychotic diosrder and is not attributable to the phsyiological effects of another medical condition.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Diagnostic features paranoid PD

A

Pervasive pattern of distrust and suspiciousness of others.

Begins in early adulthood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Associating features supporting diagnosis paranoid PD

A
  • having problems with close relationships
  • act: guarded, secretive, devious, cold
  • excessive need to be self-sufficient and strong autonomy
  • high degree of control over those around them, being: rigid, critical of others, unable to collaborate
  • blame others for their shortcomings
  • may be litigious and become involved in legal disputes
  • they may exhibit unrealistic grandiose fantasies, are often attuned to issues of power and rank, and tend to develop negative stereotypes of others
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

development and course paranoid PD

A

childhood/adolescence: solitariness, poor peer relationships, social anxiety, underachievement in school, hypersensitivity, peculiar thoughts and language and idiosyncratic fantasies.

more common in males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

risk and prognostic factors paranoid pd

A

genetic and physiological: relatives with schizophrenia, and familial with delusional disorder, persecutory type.

culture: minority groups, immigrants, political and economic refugees.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cluster A

Schizoid pd

A

A. Pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and restricted range of expression of emotions in interpersonal settings, beginning by early adulthood, 4 or more of following:
1. no desire no joy in close relationships, including family
2. always chooses solitary activities
3. little/no interest in sexual experiences with other person
4. takes pleasure in few - no activities
5. no close friends/confidants
6. indifferent to praise or criticism from others
7. emotional coldness, detachment or flattened affectivity

B. Does not occur exclusively during the course of schizophrenia, bipolar, depressive with psychotic features, other psychotic disorder, autism spectrum, or medical condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Schizoid PD

associated features

A
  • difficulty expressing anger –> impression that they lack emotion
  • their lives seem directionless, they “drift” in goals
  • react passively
  • few friends, date infrequently and often not marry
  • do well in work under conditions of social isolation
  • may experience brief psychotic episodes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

development and course schizoid pd

A

childhood/adolescence: solitariness, poor peer relationships, underachievement in school, subject to teasing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

risk and prognosis schizoid pd

A

genetic/physiological: relatives with schizophrenia or schizotypical pd

more in males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

cluster A

Schizotypical pd

A

A. Pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships as well as by cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior, beginning by ealry adulthood, 5 or more of following:
1. Ideas of reference (excluding delusions of reference)
2. Odd beliefs/magical thinking that is inconsitient with subcultural norms
3. unusual perceptual experiences, including bodily illusions
4. odd thinking and speech
5. suspiciousness or paranoid ideation
6. inappropriate or constricted affect
7. behavior is odd, eccentric or peculiar
8. lack of close friends/confidants
9. excessive social anxiety –> paranoid fears

B. does not occur exclusively during course of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depressive with psychotic features, other psychotic disorder, autism spectrum disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Ideas of reference

A

incorrect interpretations of casual indcidents and external events as having a particular and unusual meaning specifically for the person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Delusions of reference

A

aforementional beliefs are held with delusional conviction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

associated features schizotypical pd

A
  • they often seek treatment for depressive and anxiety symptoms than for pd features
  • in response to stress –> transient psychotic episodes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

development and course schizotypical pd

A
  • stable course –> not much develop schizophrenia of other psychotic disorder
  • childhood/adolescence: solitariness, poor peer relationships, social anxiety, underachievement in school, hypersensitivity, peculiar thoughts and language, bizarre fantasies.
  • children may appear odd or eccentric and attract teasing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

risk and prognostic factors schizotypical pd

A

genetic/physiological: first-degree relatives with schizophrenia

cultural: religious beliefs and rituals, can appear to be schizotypical to the uninformed outsider (voodoo, speaking tongues etc.)

more common in males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Cluster B

antisocial PD

criteria A

A

A. Pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, occurring since age 15, 3 or more of following:
1. Failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behvaiors; performing acts that are grounds for arrest
2. Deceitfulness: repeated lying, use of aliases, conning others for personal profit or pleasure.
3. Impulsivity or failure to plan ahead
4. Irritability and aggressiveness
5. Reckless disregard for safety of self or others
6. Consistnt irresponsibility: failure in work behavior or honor financial obligations
7. Lack of remorse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Cluster B

Overige criteria antisocial PD

B,C,D

A

B. At least 18 years old
C. Evidence of conduct disorder with onset before age 15
D. Antisocial behavior is not exclusively during course of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

associated features supporting diagnosis ASPD

A
  • Lack of empathy
  • Inflated an arrogant self-appraisal
  • Superficial charm
  • Psychopathy
  • Irresponsible and exploitative in sexual relationships
  • History of many sexual partners, no monogamous relationships
  • Irrisponsible as parents
  • Dishonerable discharge from army, fail to be self-supporting, become impoverished or homeless or many years in penal institutions
  • Likely die prematurely from violence
  • Dysphoria
  • Comorbid disorders
  • Other PD disorder
  • Child abuse or neglectt, unstable or erratic parenting, inconsistent parental discipline may increase conduct disorder –> ASPD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Development and course ASPD

A

Chronic course, may become less evident or remit as individual grows older, particularly by 4th decade of life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Risk and prognosis ASPD

A

Genetic/ physiological: first-degree relatives with ASPD –> biological risk higher in females.

Cultural: low SES and urban setting (can be misdiagnosed in people who use protective survival strategy)

ASPD much more in males

30
Q

Cluster B

Borderline pd

A

A. Pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity, beginning by early adulthood, 5 or more of following:
1. Frantic efforts to avoid real or imaged abandonment
2. Pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships characterized by alternating between extremes of idealization and devaluation
3. Identity disturbance: unstable self-image or sense of self
4. Impulsivity in at least 2 areas that are potentially self-damaging
5. Recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, or threats, or self-mutilating behavior
6. Affective instability due to a marked reactivity of mood (intense episodic dysphoria, irritability, anxiety usually lasting a few hours)
7. Chronic feelings of emptiness
8. Inappropriate, intense anger or difficulty controlling anger
9. Transient, stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms

31
Q

Associated features supporting diagnosis BPD

A
  • Undermining themselves the moment a goal is about to be realized (dropping out of school just before graduation)
  • Some develop psychotic symptoms during times of stress
  • May feel more secure with transitional objects (pet or inanimate possession) than in interpersonal relationships.
  • Premature death from suicide may occur
  • Physical handicaps as results from self-inflicted abuse or failed suicide attempts
  • Recurrend job losses, interrupted education, seperation or divorce
  • Physical and sexual abuse, neglect, hostile conflict, early parental loss are more common in childhood history
  • Common comorbid disorders: depression, bipolar, substance use, eating (bulimia), ptsd, adhd
32
Q

Development and course BPD

A
  • Variability in course
  • Most common pattern: chronic instability in early adulthood, with episodes of serious affective and impulsive discontrol and high levels of use and mental health resources
  • During 30s and 40s, majority attains greater stability in relationships and vocational functioning.
33
Q

Risk and prognostic factors BPD

A

Genetic/physiological: BPD 5x more common among first-relatives

Mostly diagnosed in females

34
Q

Cluster B

Histrionic pd

Criterion A (without symptoms)

A

A. Pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking, beginning in early adulthood.

35
Q

HPD

How many symptoms are needed for diagnosis?

A

5 or more of 7

36
Q

HPD

What are the 7 symptoms?

A
  1. Uncomfortable in situations in which he/she is not centre of attention
  2. Inappropriate sexually seductive or provocative behavior
  3. Rapidly shifting and shallow expression of emotions
  4. Uses physical appearance to draw attention to self
  5. Style of speech that is excessively impressionistic and lacking in detail
  6. Self-dramatization, theatrically, and exaggerated expression of emotion
  7. Is suggestible: easily influences by others/circumstances
  8. Considers relationships to be more intimate than they actually are
37
Q

Associated features supporting diagnosis HPD

A

May (have):

  • Difficulty achieving emotional intimacy in romantic or sexual relationships
  • Without being aware, they often act out a role (princess, victim)
  • Control partner through emotional manipulation or seductiveness, while displaying a marked dependency on them at another level
  • Often impaired relationships with same-sex friends because their sexually provocative interpersonal style may seem a threat to their friends’ relationships
  • Alienate friends with demands for constant attention
  • Become depressed and upset when not center of attention
  • Crave novelty, stimulation and excitement and tend to become bored with usual routine
  • Intolerant of, or frustrated by, situations that involve delayed gratification, and their actions are often directed at obtaining immediate satisfaction
  • Interest may lag quickly in a job or project which was initiated with great enthousiasm
  • Increased risk for suicidal gestures and threats to get attention and coerce better caregiving
38
Q

HPD

What are comorbidities?

A
  • Higher rates of somatic symptom disorder, conversion disorder, MDD
  • Comorbid: BPD, NPD, ASPD, DPD
39
Q

HPD

What gender is more common?

A

Females

40
Q

Cluster B

Narcissistic pd

Criterion A (without symptoms)

A

A. Pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy, beginning in early adulthood.

41
Q

NPD

How many symptoms needed?

A

5 or more of 9

42
Q

NPD

What are symptoms?

A
  1. Grandiose sense of self-importance
  2. Preoccupied with fantasies of unlimited succes, power, brilliance, beauty, or ideal love
  3. Believes that he/she is special and unique and can only be understood by or associated with other sepcial or hihj-status people
  4. Requires excessive admiration
  5. Has sense of entitlement
  6. Interpersonally exploitative (takes advantage of others to achieve own ends)
  7. Lacks empathy
  8. Often envious of others, or believes that others are envious of them
  9. Shows arrogance, haughty behaviors or attitudes
43
Q

Associated features NPD

A
  • Can’t handle criticism
  • Interpersonal relationships typically impaired
  • Ambition and confidence may leed to high achievement, performance may be disrupted due to intolerance of criticism
  • Vocational functioning can be very low, don’t want to take risks when defeat is possible
  • Shame and humiliation due to critique –> can lead to depressed mood, social withdrawal, dysthemia, MDD
  • Periods of grandiosity may be associated with hypomanic mood
44
Q

NPD

What are associated disorders?

A
  • Associated with anorexia and substance use disorder (cocaine)
  • Associated with: histrionic, antisocial, paranoid pd
45
Q

Development and course NPD

A
  • May have special difficulties adjusting to onset of physical and occupational limitations that are inherent in aging process

50-75% diagnosed are male

46
Q

Cluster C

Avoidant pd

Criterion A (without symptoms)

A

A. Pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation, beginning by early adulthood.

47
Q

APD

How many symptoms are needed?

A

4 or more of 7

48
Q

APD

What are symptoms?

A
  1. Avoids acitivities with interpersonal contact because of fear of criticism, disaproval, or rejection
  2. Unwilling to get involved with people unless certain of being liked.
  3. Restraint with intimate relationships because of fear of being shamed or ridiculed
  4. Preoccupied with being critized or rejected in social situations
  5. Inhibited in new social situations because of feelings of inadequacy
  6. Views self as socially inept, personally unappealing, or inferior to others
  7. Usually reluctant to take personal risks or ingage in new activities –> fear of embarrasment
49
Q

Associated features APD

A
  • Vigilance (waakzaamheid) of others
  • Fearful and tense demeanor may elicit ridicule and derision from others, which confirms their self-doubt (ze lokken het dus uit)
  • Very anxious that they will react with blushing or crying to criticism
  • Major problems in social and occupational functioning
  • Low self-esteem and hypersensitivity to rejection –> restricted interpersonal contacts
  • Become isolated
  • Desire affection and acceptance and may fantasize about idealized relationships
50
Q

APD Associated features

How are they described by others?

A

Are described as “shy”, “timid”, “lonely” and “isolated”

51
Q

APD

What are comorbidities

A

Comorbid: social anxiety, depression, bipolar, anxiety

52
Q

APD

What is it often diagnosed with?

Other PDs

A
  • PD: often diagnosed with dependent pd, because they can become very attached to few friends they have
  • PD: tends to be diagnosed with BPD and cluster A PDs
53
Q

Development and course APD

A
  • Avoidant behavior starts in childhood with: shyness, isolation, fear of strangers and new situations.
  • Increasingly shy during adolescence and early adulthood
  • Some evidence that it becomes less evident or to remit with age
54
Q

APD

Gender

A

Equally frequent in males and females

55
Q

Cluster C

Dependent pd

Criterion A (without symptoms)

A

A. Pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of that leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation, beginning by early adulthood

56
Q

DPD

How many symptoms?

A

5 or more of 8

57
Q

DPD

What are symptoms?

A
  1. Difficulty to make everyday decisions without advise and reassurance from others
  2. Needs others to assume responsibility for most major areas of their life
  3. Difficulty expressing disagreement with others, because fear of loss of support or approval
  4. Difficulty initiating projects or doing things on their own (due to lack self-confidence)
  5. Goes excessive lengths to obtaint nurturance and support from others, to the point of volunteering to do things that are unpleasant
  6. Feels uncomfortable or helpless when alone, due to exaggerated fear of being unable to care for themselves
  7. Urgently seeks other relationship when close relationships end
  8. Unrealisticly preoccupied with fears of being left to take care of themselves
58
Q

Associated features DPD

A
  • Pessimisms and self-doubt, belittle their abilities, refer to themselves as “stupid”
  • Take criticism as proof of their worthlessness
  • Seek overprotection and dominance from others
  • Occupational functioning impaired if independence is required
  • Avoid positions of responsibility, become anxious when faced with decisions
  • Social relationships limited to those few on whom individual is dependent
59
Q

DPD

They have increased risk on … mentalhealth disorders

A
  • Depression
  • Anxiety
  • Adjustment disorder
60
Q

DPD

What during childhood/adolescence may predispose individual to development of this disorder?

A

Chronic physical illness or separation anxiety disorder

61
Q

DPD

What are co-occuring PDs?

A
  • BPD
  • APD
  • HPD
62
Q

DPD

Gender

A

Female

63
Q

Cluster C

Obsessive-compulsive pd

Criterion A (without symptoms)

A

A. Pervasive pattern of preoccupation with ordeliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control, at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency, beginning by early adulthood,

64
Q

OCPD

How many symptoms

A

4 or more of 8

65
Q

OCPD

What are symptoms?

A
  1. Preoccupied with details, rules, lists, order, organization or schedules to the extend that point of activity is lost
  2. Perfectionism that interferes with task completion (unable to complete because own strict standards are not met)
  3. Excessively devoted to work and productivity to the exclusion of leisure activities and friendships
  4. Over-conscientious, scrupulous, and inflexible about matters of morality, ethics or values
  5. Unable to discard worn-out or worthless objects even when they have no sentimenttal value.
  6. Is reluctant to delegate tasks or to work with others unless they submit to exactly his or her way of doing things.
  7. Adopts a miserly spending style towards both self and others, money is viewed as something to be hoarded for future catastrophes
  8. Shows rigidity and stubbornness
66
Q

Associated features OCPD

A
  • Decision making= time-consuming, often painful proces
  • Become upset or angry when no control
  • Express affection very controlled –> uncomfortable with others who are emotionally expressive
  • Everyday relationships have formal and serious qualilty, stiff
  • Carefully hold themselves back until they are sure that whatever they say will be perfect
  • Preoccupied with logic and intellect, intolerant of affective behavior in others
  • Difficulty expressing tender feelings, rarely paying compliments
  • Occupational difficulties, when confronted with new situations that demand flexibility and compromise
67
Q

Associated features OCPD

Many features overlap with what type of PDs?

A

Type A

68
Q

OCPD

What disorders is it associated with?

A

Association:

  • depression,
  • BD,
  • eating disorders
69
Q

OCPD

Do people with OCD meet for these criteria?

A

NO

Majority of individuals with OCD do not have pattern of behavior that meets criteria for this pd

70
Q

OCPD

Gender

A

Twice as often diagnosed in males

4.2C Personality disorders (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions