Lecture 1 & 2

Question 1

When was the EU established? Was this expected?

Answer 1

1 November 1993, this was expected since cooperation in Europe had been going on in the previous four decades

Question 2

What are the inner six and the outer sever?

Answer 2

The inner six refers to the six countries (NL, BE, LUX, FR, DE & IT) who created supranational institutions. The outer 7 where lead by the UK, and focussed more cooperation on trade.

Question 3

What is the Ventotene Manifesto?

Answer 3

A proposal by Altiero Spinelli, to create a federation of European states

Question 4

What is the BeNeLux?

Answer 4

A custioms union between Belgium, The Netherlands and Luxemburg.

Question 5

What was the Dunkirk Treaty? When was it created?

Answer 5

A defense treaty between France and the UK, 1947

Question 6

What was the Brussels Treaty (1949)?

Answer 6

A defense treaty between the BeNeLux, France & Britain.

Question 7

When was NATO established?

Answer 7

1949

Question 8

Who were enthausistic and who were not about European integration after WW2?

Answer 8

Enthausastic: BeNeLux, France, Italy (, Germany)

Not: UK, Scandinavia, Switserland

Question 9

By whom and when was the Council of Europe established?

Answer 9

1949, Belgium, Denamark, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the UK

Question 10

What was the OEEC (Organisation for European Economic Cooperation)?

Answer 10

It was an organisation created to help the execution of the Marshall plan

Question 11

What was the European Defence Cummunity (EDC)?

Answer 11

A proposed idea to create a united European defence system.

Question 12

What is the Western European Union (WEU)?

Answer 12

A union infoliving the inner six and the UK

Question 13

What is the EEC (European Economic Community) and the EAEC (European Atomic Energy Comminity)?

Answer 13

Two supranational organisations established in 1956 and 1957 respectively.

Question 14

Who were the outer 7?

Answer 14

Austria, Denamrk, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK, the formed the EFTA (European Free Trade Association)

Question 15

Why did other countries not join the inner six?

Answer 15

They either had a non developed economy, or they were wary of the supranational organisations that took away their sovereignty.

Question 16

Why was UK assenssion to the Inner Six blocked?

Answer 16

The French feared US interference.

Question 17

What was the Luxemburg compromise? Why was it needed?

Answer 17

The French opposed a switch to a quilified majority voting and thus boycotted Eurpean Council meetings for 7 months. The compomise says that the European Council promised to provide solutions that can be adopted by all members, if a member country has a problem because one of its very important intersts is at stake.

Question 18

Who blocked the UK (and other) accession to the European Council? What happend after they left politics?

Answer 18

De Gaulle, the countries applied again, a plan for the EMU was agreed upon, talks on establishing own resources financing of the Commities were launched and a proposal for European Political Cooperation (EPC) was agreed upon.

Question 19

When did the UK, Ireland and Denmark join the European Community?

Answer 19

1973

Question 20

When was decided that European Parliament elections were to be held?

Answer 20

1975

Question 21

Why were the 70’s a difficult time for the Eurpean community?

Answer 21

Currency instability, 1973 oil crisis and inflation brought an end to the post-war period. Many governments persued national instead of coordinated policies.

Question 22

What is Euroslerosis?

Answer 22

A period in time where integration appeared to be stagnating

Question 23

What problems did enlargement cause in the 1980’s?

Answer 23

Many new members were less financially developed, thus budgets were streched, and more integration was made difficult.

Question 24

What where the three initial European communities in the 1960’s?

Answer 24

ECSC, EEC and the EAEC.

Question 25

Why was the single marked project popular?

Answer 25

Those who were less of a fan of European Integration (e.g., Marget Thatcher) wanted to liberalize the economy, which the single market would do. Those who were in favor of European Integration were also a fan because this would mean increased European coorperation. i.e. Neo-functionalism and Intergovernmentalism pushed towards further integration.

Question 26

What act created the single market, and when was it signed?

Answer 26

The Single European Act (SEA), in 1986.

Question 27

What did the SEA introduce?

Name 7

Answer 27

1. It introduced a deadline for the completion of the internal marked (31 December 1992)
2. Facilitated the adoption of harmonized legislation to achieve it
3. Committed member states to cooperate on economic and monetary policy
4. It expanded policy competences to include health and safety, and dialogue between management and labour
5. Expanded decision-making role of the EP
6. Created association and accession agreement procedures.
7. Expanded the use of Qualified Majority Voting

Question 28

Why was in the 1980’s the European Parliament and EPC not officially part of the European Communities?

Answer 28

It reflected the difference between states how much sovereignty they were willing to lose.

Question 29

Why was the Treaty on European Union signed?

Answer 29

Because of the large changes happening in Eastern Europe at the end of the Cold War.

Question 30

How is the Treaty on European Union often referred to?

Answer 30

The Maastricht Treaty

Question 31

What were fears about the creation of the EU?

Answer 31

Denmark and the UK were granted some opt-outs. This lead some to believe that we’d get a à la carte EU, though these fears stopped when the EU refused exemptions for new members Austria, Finland and Sweden.

Question 32

What were the three parts of the EU treaty?

Answer 32

One supranational part (the EU), and two intergovernmental parts (Common Foreigh and Security Policy matters - CFSP, and the Justice and Home Affairs - JHA).

Question 33

Why was the ‘Reflection Group’ launched in 1995?

Answer 33

The projected accession of new members. required a change in its internal structure.

Question 34

What did the Amsterdam Treaty change?

Answer 34

• It moved the area of freedom, security and justice to the EU’s objectives and thus renamed the JHA to PJCCM - Police and Juctive Cooperation in Criminal Matters
• Schengen would be integrated into the EU
• Promoting transparency

Question 35

Was the Treaty of Amsterdam seen as a success?

Answer 35

No France, Belgium and Italy issued a declaration that suggested that the European Treaty needed further reforms.

Question 36

Why did the UK support enlargement?

Answer 36

Since they believed it impaired further integration

Question 37

What was the Maastricht Treaty?

Answer 37

Question 38

What was the Amsterdam Treaty?

Answer 38

Question 39

What was the Nice treaty?

Answer 39

Question 40

What was the constitutional treaty? Why did it fail? What was its replacement?

Answer 40

Question 41

What happened to the Lisbon treaty regarding Ireland?

Answer 41

The Irish voters first rejected it, though after renegotiation they accepted the Lisbon treaty.

Question 42

Why did the EU change its treaty base again after the Lisbon treaty? What did they create?

Answer 42

The Eurozone crisis, where they created the European Stability Mechanisim (ESM).

Question 43

Why was constitunilization considered neccessary?

Answer 43

• People were aware of the weaknesses of the Nice treaty
• It would clarify the existing treaties
• It would clarify the existing European treaties

Question 44

Who lead the constitutional treaty?

Answer 44

Valery Giscard d’Estaing (Former French President)

Question 45

What were the reactions to the European constitution?

Answer 45

It was accepted, though every member state wanted amendments

Question 46

What was in the European constitution?

Answer 46

It generally contained existing treaties, and just simplified it. Though it contained some small changes.

Question 47

Why was the CT (constiutional treatye) rejected?

Answer 47

Mainly people who were angry about globalization and unemployment, not the content of the treaty.

Question 48

What happend after the rejection of the Constitutional Treaty?

Answer 48

For two years nothing happend, then under German leadership the Lisbon treaty was created.

Question 49

What does the Lisbon treaty contain?

Answer 49

Just 7 articles, though the first two are very long, and contain many amendments to existing treaties.