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Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Last universal common ancestor

A

LUCA

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2
Q

Hypothesis about LUCA

A
  • Existed about 4 billion years ago
  • Last common ancestor of all cellular life which exists on earth today
  • After billion of years of evolution LUCA diverged into the different forms of life through natural selection
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3
Q

What we see today is the result of…

A

Evolution

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4
Q

Domain Bacteria

A

Most diverse and widespread prokaryotes. Have rod shaped structures

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5
Q

Domain Archaea

A

Live in Earth’s extreme environments such as hot springs. Have round structures

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6
Q

Domain Eukarya

A

Kingdom Plantae: Consists of terrestrial multicellular eukaryotes that carry out photosynthesis
Kingdom Fungi: Absorb nutrients from outside their bodies
Kingdom Animalia: Consists of multicellular eukaryotes that ingest other organisms
Protists: Unicellular eukaryotes

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7
Q

Polytomy

A

A branch point leading to multiple lineages

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8
Q

Horizontal Gene Transfer

A

movement of genetic material between organisms in a way that is not through traditional inheritance (i.e., not from parent to offspring). It occurs across species, and even across domains of life, and is an important mechanism in evolution

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9
Q

Organisms adapted to various habitats on earth via

A

Evolution

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10
Q

Why study the diversity of life?

A

Humans are inherently interested in our environment
Humans are inherently interested in ourselves

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11
Q

Taxas and classification of humans

A

Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: Homo sapiens

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12
Q

Taxonomy

A

Study organisms, name them and put them into similar groups

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13
Q

Phylogeny

A

deduce evolutionary relationship between organisms put similar groups

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14
Q

Naming is important to

A

communicate unambiguously. For example the cougar is also known as panther, mountain lion but its overall binomial name is Puma concolor

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15
Q

Conservation ecology

A
  • Organisms are constantly interacting with environment and one another
  • Cannot intervene with the system without knowing these interactions
  • Predator and prey: Changes in population sizes of predator and prey are known to synchronize
    Ex: Snowshoe hare vs canada lynx
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16
Q

Conversation ecology with woodland caribou

A

Commercial foresting: logging, building roads, pipelines etc
Caribous can not sustain population when the old forest is too disrupted

17
Q

Parasites

A

Organisms thrive by parasitizing on their host, many infect humans - need to know what they are to effectively combat them

18
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

Bacteria
Causative agent of tuberculosis

19
Q

HIV

A

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Causative agent of AIDS

20
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A

Bacteria
Causative agent of various skin and respiratory infections

21
Q

Monkeypox virus

A

Causative agent of Mpox

22
Q

Epidemics vs pandemics

A

It is natural for a population to be affected by various health detriments (such as diseases)
Epidemic: Significant rise in occurrence of a disease above the rate which is normally expected in a local population
Pandemic: Global epidemic usually on more than one continent

23
Q

COVID 19 pandemic

A

Early 2020 - caused by coronavirus
SARS - CoV-2 is the name of the virus: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Covid 19 is the symptom caused by the virus

24
Q

Describe physical appearance of covid 19 virus

A

Spike protein sticks out of the envelope making the virus look like a ‘sun’ (corona)

25
Q

How many different human host coronavirus are there

A

7 different: 4 are not as problematic cause 15% of common cold and have been recognized since 1960

26
Q

SARS - CoV - 1

A
  • Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 1
  • causative agent of 2002 – 2004 SARS epidemic
  • about 8000 documented cases (0.08 million) across 29 countries
  • 10% fatality rate
27
Q

MERS-CoV

A

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
* first reported in 2012, and have caused multiple outbreaks since then
* about 2500 cases (0.025 million) documented until July 2022 across ~30 countries
* up to 35% fatality late

28
Q

SARS-CoV-2

A
  • Causative agent of COVID-19
  • about 612 million cases as of September 2022, globally
  • 6.5 million deaths, about 1% fatality rate
  • tremendous damage to human society
29
Q

Prior to covid 19 we already have

A
  1. Recognized, identified and studied multiple coronaviruses
  2. Encountered epidemic(s) caused by more deadlier versions of coronavirus
  3. Experience combatting this infection
  4. …in addition to knowledge on other viruses, vaccination, epidemiology, etc

Bio153 (20 decks)

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