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Epidemiology > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major challenges humans face?

A

•Hunger
•War
•Diseases

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2
Q

How can the issue of hunger be managed?

A

Through increased food production

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3
Q

How can the issue of war be solved?

A

Through diplomacy

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4
Q

What is the challenge in both developed and non developed countries?

A

Diseases.
They only change in type.

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5
Q

What happened in the wake of civilization?(industrial revolution)

A

•there was urbanization
•attendant problems of slums
•poor housing
•sanitation problems
•inadequate water supply
•inadequate nutritional quality
•increase in population

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6
Q

What is demographic transition?

A

These are changes in patterns of birth rates and death rates.

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7
Q

What is stage 1 of demographic transition?

A

Both birth rates and death rates are high.
Population size is low.

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8
Q

What is stage 2 of demographic transition?

A

Birth rates remain high,death rates start declining.
Population starts increasing.

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9
Q

What happens in stage 3 of demographic transition?

A

Death rates continue dropping,birth rates start falling, population growth starts falling.

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10
Q

What happens in stage 4 of demographic transition?

A

Both birth rates and death rates are low.
Population size is stable.

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11
Q

What is epidemiological transition?

A

Changes in patterns of diseases based on stage of the demographic transition.

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12
Q

Define double burden of disease.

A

This is where both types of diseases are present with high prevalence.

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13
Q

Define double burden of disease.

A

This is where both types of diseases are present with high prevalence.

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14
Q

What happens in stage 1 of epidemiological transition?

A

•Infectious and parasitic diseases.
•Accidents and animal attacks.
•”Natural checks” on population.

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15
Q

What happens in stage 2 of epidemiological transition?

A

•Receding pandemics.
•Sanitation, nutrition, medicine lead to lower CDR

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16
Q

What happened in stage 3 of epidemiological transition?

A

•degenerative and man-made diseases.
•Heart disease,cancer,diabetes, obesity.

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17
Q

What happened in stage 4 epidemiological transition?

A

•Delayed degenerative diseases.
•Extend life expectancy due to medical advances.

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18
Q

What happened during stage 5 of epidemiological transition?

A

•Potential resurgence of infectious diseases due to globalization.

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19
Q

In epidemiological transition which stages were the era of infectious diseases?

A

Stage 1 and Stage 2.

20
Q

In epidemiological transition which stages were the era of chronic diseases?

A

Stage 3 and Stage 4

21
Q

Describe the infectious diseases stage of the epidemiological transition.

A

•A lot of babies and children were vulnerable due to weaker immunity.
•High population, inadequate sanitation facilities and water supply.

22
Q

Describe the stage of chronic diseases of the epidemiological transition.

A

•urban lifestyle and behavior.
•large population of the elderly/aged.

23
Q

Describe the trend of diseases among countries

A

Poor countries - infectious diseases
Rich countries -Non communicable diseases

24
Q

What are the risk factors of most non-communicable diseases?

A

•physical inactivity
•alcohol abuse
•tobacco
•unhealthy diet

25
Q

List the four major categories of risks

A

•nutrition
•lifestyle and behavior
•genetics
•physical environment

26
Q

How do we Control diseases?

A

•based on risks identified by epidemiological studies.
•and the knowledge about the affected population.
•and where they are based.
•the magnitude of the problem.
•why they are affected.
•public health interventions are formulated.

27
Q

How do we know whether the intervention programs we’ve put in place are working or not?

A

Through evaluation

28
Q

How do we know whether the intervention programs we’ve put in place are working or not?

A

Through evaluation

29
Q

Define epidemiology.

A

This is the study of the frequency, pattern and distribution of health conditions and their risk factors in the population and application of that knowledge to the control of those health conditions.

30
Q

List the famous epidemiological studies

A

•british doctors study (1951-2001)
•Framingham Heart Study
•John Snow and Cholera
•Lead and Brain Damage
•Vitamin C and Scurvy
•Bible story

31
Q

List the steps of the epidemiology method

A

1.Count Cases
2. Express as a proportion of population at risk
3.Compare

32
Q

List the steps of the public health approach

A

1.Define and monitor the problem (observe)
2.Identify risk and protective factors (hypothesize)
3.Develop and test prevention strategies (test)
4.Assure widespread adoption (analyze, evaluate)

33
Q

What are the two types of epidemiology?

A

Descriptive epidemiology and analytical epidemiology.

34
Q

Briefly describe descriptive epidemiology

A

Used to generate hypotheses.

35
Q

Briefly describe analytical epidemiology.

A

Used to test hypotheses

36
Q

What is the term given when we look for diseases in their absence?

A

Screening

37
Q

What term is given to comparing groups of people (cohorts)?

A

Analytical studies

38
Q

What term is given to coming up with guidelines?

A

Policy development

39
Q

What term is given when we check if our efforts are working?

A

Evaluation

40
Q

What term is given when we keep looking to find problems early?

A

Surveillance

41
Q

What term is given when we attend to high number of cases?

A

Outbreak investigate.

42
Q

Epidemiology has been described as the basic science of public health.Which of the following terms are part of the definition of epidemiology? A.Distribution,determinants, control. B.Population, treatment, prevention. C.Patients, frequency, distribution D.Prognosis,screening, diagnosis

A

A

43
Q

What is epidemiology all about?

A

•distribution
•frequency
•risk factors
•control
•community health
•individual decisions
•completing the clinical picture

44
Q

Give examples of descriptive studies.

A

•Case reports (five account of a single occurrence of noteworthy health related incident,)
•Case series (where a larger collection of cases of disease,often grouped consecutively)

45
Q

Define ecological fallacy

A

This is when errors result if investigators assume that because the majority of a group has a characteristic is definitely associated with those experiencing a health related state or event in the group

46
Q

What is the course epidemiology all about?

A

•distribution
•frequency
•risk factors
•control

47
Q

What term is given to something that is related to both the exposure and the disease?

A

Confounder

Epidemiology (8 decks)

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