Causation

Question 1

Define Counts

Answer 1

refers to the number of cases of a disease or other factor

Question 2

Define Incidence

Answer 2

the occurrence of new diseases or mortality within a defined time period

Question 3

Define Population at Risk

Answer 3

Members capable of getting a health conditions

Question 4

Define Reference Population

Answer 4

the population from which cases are taken.It tends to be the population at mid point of the year.

Question 5

Define Incidence Rate

Answer 5

formed by dividing the number of new cases that occur during a time period by the number of individuals in the population at risk.
equals number of new cases/total population at risk

Question 6

Define Point Epidemic

Answer 6

is a response of a group due to common source of infection, contamination that occurs almost simultaneously

Question 7

Define Clustering

Answer 7

a closely grouped series of events or cases of a disease or other health related phenomena with a well-defined distribution pattern in relation to time, place or both

Question 8

Define person years

Answer 8

refers to the time a given number of people spend in a study e.g. if 1000 people spend 18 months in a study, that would be 1000* 1.5 to give 1500 person years

Question 9

Define prevalance

Answer 9

refers to number of existing cases of a disease or health condition or deaths in a population at a given time

Question 10

Define point prevalance

Answer 10

refers to all cases of a disease, health condition or deaths that exist at a particular point in time relative to a specific population

Question 11

Define period prevalance

Answer 11

refers to all cases within a period of time while lifetime prevalence is cases diagnosed at any time during the person’s lifetime

Question 12

Define perinatal mortality

Answer 12

defined as the number of late fetal deaths after 28 weeks or more gestation plus infant deaths within 7 days of birth divided by number of live births plus the number of late fetal deaths during a year

Question 13

Define general fertility rate

Answer 13

refers to the number of live births reported in an area during a given time interval divided by the number of women aged 15 to 44 years in an area * 1000 women aged 15 to 44

Question 14

Define fetal mortality

Answer 14

is the deaths of fetus when in the uterus and before it is born which is number of deaths of fetuses after 20 weeks or more/number of live births and fetal deaths after 20 weeks * 1000

Question 15

Define infant mortality

Answer 15

rate the number of infant deaths among 0 to 365day olds /number of live births during the year

Question 16

Define maternal mortality

Answer 16

maternal deaths that result from causes associated with pregnancy equal number of deaths related to birth (complications, bleeding, infection)/number of live births *100,000 live births during a year

Question 17

Define health expectancy

Answer 17

refers to the number of years spent in good health not just how long one lives

Question 18

Define life expectancy

Answer 18

refers to the number of years that a person is expected to live at any particular year.

Question 19

Define an adjusted rate

Answer 19

is a rate of morbidity or mortality in a population in which statistical procedures have been applied to permit fair comparison across populations e.g. age adjusted.

Question 20

Define sex specific rate

Answer 20

refers to frequency of a disease in a gender group divided by the total number of persons within that gender group during time period times a multiplier

Question 21

Define Age specific rate

Answer 21

refers to the number of cases of disease per age group of the population during a specified time period.

Question 22

Define Cause specific rate

Answer 22

is a measure that refers to mortality divided by the population size at midpoint multiplied by a multiplier

Question 23

Define proportional mortality

Answer 23

ratio is the number of deaths within a population due to specific disease or cause divided by the total number of deaths in the population

Question 24

Define Attack rate

Answer 24

is the proportion of individuals affected in the population at risk in a limited period of time e.g. food person among those who ate a particular type of food. If 9 people ate beef at a party of 20 who ate beef, attack rate would be 9/20 *100%.

Question 25

Define Case Fatality Rate

Answer 25

refers to number of deaths due to a disease that occur among persons who are afflicted with that disease

Question 26

Define Crude Rates

Answer 26

refer to rates that has not been modified to demographic characteristics