Infectious Diseases

Question 1

Why was William H Stewart optimistic?

Answer 1

•discovery of antibiotics to treat bacterial diseases.
•the success of vaccines
•improved sanitation
•improved hygiene standards

Question 2

What was right in what William H Stewart said?

Answer 2

•that there ought to be a focus on non-communicable and communicable diseases.
•that globally,top killers are NCDs

Question 3

Why was William H Stewart wrong in what he said?

Answer 3

•antibiotic resistance
•new infectious diseases
•re-emerging diseases like tuberculosis
•new pandemics due to environmental encroachment.(Travel makes diseases spread faster and further)

Question 4

List examples of major diseases in Zambia

Answer 4

•HIV/AIDS
•Malaria
•Tuberculosis
•Measles
•Diabetes
•Cervical Cancer
•Prostate Cancer

Question 5

List protozoal diseases in Zambia

Answer 5

•malaria
•trypanosomiasis
•cryptosporidiosis

Question 6

Define Koch’s postulates

Answer 6

4 criteria that is used to identify a microorganism that causes a disease

Question 7

List the stages of Koch’s Postulates

Answer 7

1.The suspected causative agent must be absent from all healthy organisms but present in all diseased organisms.
2.The causative agent must be isolated from the diseased organism and grown in pure culture.
3.The cultured agent must cause the same disease when inoculated into a healthy susceptible organism.
4.The same causative agent must then be reisolated from the inoculated diseased organism.

Question 8

Define virulence

Answer 8

Ability to cause death or serious disease.

Question 9

Define pathogenicity

Answer 9

Ability to cause disease

Question 10

List common infectious diseases caused by bacteria.

Answer 10

•Tuberculosis
•Pneumonia
•Streptococcal infections
•Gonorrhea
•Scarlet Fever
•Tetanus
•Diptheria
•Bubonic plague

Question 11

List the common infectious diseases caused by viruses

Answer 11

•HIV/AIDS
•Influenza
•Herpes
•Hepatitis
•Polio
•Measles
•Infectious mononucleosis

Question 12

List common infectious diseases caused by fungi

Answer 12

•candidiasis
•athlete’s foot
•nail fungus
•ringworm
•histoplasmosis

Question 13

List common infectious diseases caused by protozoa

Answer 13

•amebiasis
•malaria
•trichomoniasis
•toxoplasmosis
•giardiasis
•balantidiasis
•Cryptosporidiosis
•Pneumocytosis

Question 14

List common infectious diseases caused by parasites

Answer 14

•trichuriasis
•hookworm
•lympathic filariasis(elephantatis)
•schistosomiasis (bilharzia)
•ascariasis

Question 15

Define incubation period

Answer 15

This is the time between exposure and clinical disease.

Question 16

Define Infectivity

Answer 16

Ability to for the pathogen to multiply once it has gotten into the host.

Question 17

Define pathogenicity

Answer 17

Ability to cause a disease

Question 18

Give examples of gram positive bacteria

Answer 18

•staphylococcus aureus
•bacillus anthracis
•streptococcus pneumoniae
•streptococcus pyogenes
•clostridium botulinum

Question 19

Give examples of gram negative bacteria

Answer 19

•neisseria meningitidis
•treponema palladium
•escherichia coli
•vibrio cholerae
•spirillum volutans

Question 20

Define reservoir

Answer 20

This is where the agent resides and is important for the agent to thrive or multiply.

Question 21

Define horizontal transmission

Answer 21

Transmission from person to person,who is a contemporary or of the same generation.

Question 22

Define vertical transmission

Answer 22

Transmission from an individual to their offspring.
Occurs either during gestation, labor or lactation.

Question 23

Define natural history of a disease

Answer 23

Events or progression of a disease from exposure to resolution in the absence of medical intervention or treatment