Lecture 1

Question 1

Requirements that appropriate theory should meet

Answer 1

1.. emphasise potential of client in playing active part in seeking solutions to own problems
2. theory + techniques arising from it should be easily explainable to client
3. theory should be broad enough in vision + approach to be applicable to wide range of problems
4. theory should be versatile enough to deal with problems raging in severity

Question 2

Incongruence

Answer 2

Person is in state of incongruence when he/she no longer dares to act according to own intuition + judgement but starts to conform in his behaviour + actions to the norms of his environment

Question 3

Genuineness

Answer 3

Therapist should function in authentic, congruent and integrated manner -> honest + true to himself

Question 4

Empathy

Answer 4

Capacity to experience clients perspective as if it were your own, without losing sight of the ‘as if‘ quality

Question 5

Reasons why empathy is important

Answer 5

It contributes to the clients feeling of security in his contact with counsellor

Question 6

2 misconceptions about Rogers theory

Answer 6

1. about empathy: that the empathic counsellor need not do anything apart from mirroring, reflecting the thoughts expressed by client back to him
2. about non-directiveness: often interpreted very literally + viewed as characteristic of client-centred approach

Question 7

differentiation

Answer 7

Process of distinguishing/seperating ones own feelings + identity from those of others

Question 8

Integration

Answer 8

Process by which connecctions are made between different pieces of info + overall patter is discovered

Question 9

Cognitive perspective taking

Answer 9

Being able to read the inner experience of others despite complex and conflicting cues

Question 10

Shared affective responding

Answer 10

Recognising + at least in part experiencing anothers emotion

Question 11

How communication goes wrong

Answer 11

1. people dont always say exactly what they mean
2. mishearing words
3. wrong interpretation of heard message

Question 12

Gordon‘s 12 roadblock to empathic listening

Answer 12

1. probing for more information
2. advising
3. reassuring
4. agreeing thus telling people they are right
5. Directing as if giving a command
6. persuading
7. analysing which offers reinterpretations of communication
8. warning
9. distracting
10. moralising by telling people what they should do and why they should do it
11. judging
12. shaming

-> some of these can still be useful during therapy, just not for empathic listening

Question 13

Positive Regard (PR)

Answer 13

Involves believing that humans are inherently positive, constructive, realistic, trustworthy -> it builds on unconditional acceptance

Question 14

PR involves an internal, experiental component for the therapist:

Answer 14

• a disposition of respect, benevolence
• commitment tot the clients well-being and best interests

Question 15

Authenticity

Answer 15

The interpersonal aspect of genuineness which involves presenting an authentic representation of one‘s own experience within the relationship at present

Question 16

Actualising tendency

Answer 16

Organisms motivation to maintain + enhance themselves = basis of client-centred therapy

Question 17

Congruence

Answer 17

The capacity to symbolise the experience of conscious awareness + integrate it into the self concept

Question 18

Basic concepts on the client side of the client-centered process

Answer 18

• self concept
• locus of evaluation
• experiening

Question 19

Self-determination theory (SDT)

Answer 19

Posits that intrinsic motivation may be the purest phenomenon that reflects the positive potential of human nature, as it reflects a self-motivated tendency to seek out novelty and challenge

Question 20

Specificity myth

Answer 20

Idea that specific clinical diagnosis require specific therapies

Question 21

Experience

Answer 21

The private world of the individual = reality for a certain person

Question 22

Symbolisation

Answer 22

The process by which an individual becomes aware or conscious of an experience

Question 23

Fully functioning person

Answer 23

Rogers concept of a person that can readily assimilate organismic experiencing + are capable of symbolising these experiences in awareness.
Fully functioning persons are able to experience all of their feelings, are afraid of none of them, allow awareness to flow freely

Question 24

Organismic valuing process

Answer 24

The ongoing process in which individuals rely on the evidence of their own senses to make value judgements

Question 25

Subtypes of client-centred therapy

Answer 25

Reflective framework
Experiental framework
Interactional framework
Existential framework
Existential/well-being framework

Question 26

Reflective framework

Answer 26

Classic Rogerian framework in which the focus is on exploring the clients narrative by using empathic reflection

Question 27

Experiental framework

Answer 27

Framework that emphasises a patients physical experiences + the emotions, images, and thoughts that come up during them

Question 28

Interactional framework

Answer 28

A framework that, next to exploring a patients inner world, also focusses on what happens within the therapeutic relationship.
Patterns of interpersonal behaviour are explored through paying attention to number of markers

Question 29

Existential framework

Answer 29

Framework that emphasis that we have freedom, which comes with choices and taking responsibility for them. According to this framework, psychopathology is a choice and form of avoiding responsibility, making choices or their consequences