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Anatomy & Physiology I > Lecture 06. CNS > Flashcards

Lecture 06. CNS Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System

A
  • Information Transfer
  • Basic Pattern
  • Spinal Cord
  • Brain
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2
Q

Information Transfer

A

Information can pass through the CNS via Long Neural Pathways Multsynaptic Pathways

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3
Q

Basic Pattern of CNS

A
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4
Q

CNS - Spinal Cord

A
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5
Q

Reflexes

A

A reflex is a rapid, predictable motor response to a stimulus.

Reflexes may:

  • Be inborn or learned (acquired)
  • Involved only in peripheral nerves and the spinal cord
  • Involve high brain centers as well
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6
Q

Reflex Arc

A
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7
Q

Reflex Classification

A
  • Classified Functionally
  • Somatic Reflexes
  • Autonomic Reflexes
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8
Q

Reflexes in Adult Humas

A
  • Accommodation reflex
  • Achilles reflex
  • Biceps stretch reflex
  • Brachioradialis reflex
  • Corneal reflex (also known as the blink reflex)
  • Crossed extensor reflex
  • Gag reflex
  • Mammalian diving reflex
  • Patellar reflex (knee-jerk reflex)
  • Photic sneeze reflex
  • Plantar reflex (Babinski reflex)
  • Pupillary reflex
  • Quadriceps reflex
  • Salivation
  • Scratch reflex
  • Sneeze
  • Tendon reflex
  • Triceps stretch reflex
  • Vestibulo-ocular reflex
  • Withdrawal reflex
  • Yawn
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9
Q

Crossed Extensor Reflex

A
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10
Q

Mammalian Diving Reflex

A

Submerging the face into water causes the mammalian diving reflex

Includes three factors:

  • Bradycardia
  • Peripheral vasoconstriction
  • Blood shift

When the face is submerged, receptors that are sensitive to water within the nasal cavity and other areas of the face supplied by cranial nerve V (trigeminal) relays the information to the brain and then innervates cranial nerve X (vagus).

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11
Q

Photic Sneeze Reflex

A

A medical condition by which people exposed to bright light sneeze.

  • Occurs in 17% to 25% of humans
  • The probable cause is a congenital malfunction in nerve signals in the trigeminal nerve nucleus.
  • Overstimulation of the optic nerve triggers the trigeminal nerve, and this causes the photic sneeze reflex.
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12
Q

Yawn

A

A reflex of deep inhalation and exhalation associated with being tired, with a need to sleep, or from lack of stimulation. Pandiculation.

  • It is claimed to help increase the state of alertness of a person. It could possibly be from lack of oxygen.
  • The exact causes of yawning are still unknown.
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13
Q

Spinal Cord Trauma: Transection

A
  • Cross sectioning of the spinal cord at any level results in total motor and sensory loss in regions inferior to the cut
  • Paraplegia – transection between T1 and L1
  • Quadriplegia – transection in the cervical region
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14
Q

Poliomyelitis

A
  • Destruction of the anterior horn motor neurons by the poliovirus
  • Early symptoms – fever, headache, muscle pain and weakness, and loss of somatic reflexes
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15
Q

The Brain

A
  • Composed of wrinkled, pinkish gray tissue
  • Surface anatomy includes cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and brain stem
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16
Q

Adult Neural Canal Regions

A
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17
Q

Ventricles of The Brain

A
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18
Q

Protection of the Brain

A
  • The brain is protected by bone, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid
  • Harmful substances are shielded from the brain by the blood-brain barrier
19
Q

Meninges

A
  • Three connective tissue membranes that lie external to the CNS – dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater
  • Functions of the meninges include:
    • Cover
    • Protect
    • Contain
    • Form
20
Q

Dura Mater

A
21
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A
22
Q

Pia Mater

A
23
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A
24
Q

Choroid Plexuses

A
25
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier

A
  • Protective mechanism that helps maintain a stable environment for the brain
  • Bloodborne substances are separated from neurons by:
    • Continuous endothelium of capillary walls
    • Relatively thick basal lamina
    • Bulbous feet of astrocytes
26
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier: Functions

A
  • Reduce the immune systems access to the brain
  • Comprised of the cells that make up the smallest blood vessels of the brain
    • Anatomical structures
    • Physiological transport systems
      • Accounts for some drug actions
        • Morphine vs. heroin
    • Many substances are not lipid soluble
      • Glucose and other important brain substrates
27
Q

Brain

A
  • Brainstem
    • Midbrain
    • Pons
    • Medulla Oblongata
  • Cerebellum
  • Forebrain
    • Diencephalon
    • Cerebrum
  • Limbic System
28
Q

Midbrain

A
  • Located between the diencephalon and the pons
  • Midbrain structures include:
    • Corpora quadrigemina
      • Superior Colliculi
      • Inferior Colliculi
  • Sustantia nigra
  • Cerebral Aqueduct
29
Q

Midbrain Nuclei

A
30
Q

Pons

A
31
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A
32
Q

Cerebellum

A
33
Q

Forebrain

A
  • Two Regions
    • Cerebrum
    • Diencephalon
34
Q

Cerebrum

A
35
Q

Functional Areas: Left Cerebral Cortex

A
36
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

A
37
Q

Sensorymotor Cortex

A
  • Premotor cortex
  • Supplementary motor cortex
  • Parietal-lobe association cortex
38
Q

Somatosensory Cortex

A
39
Q

Diencephalon

A
40
Q

Limbic System

A
41
Q

Cerebrovascular Accidents

A
42
Q

Brain Atrophy in Advanced Alzheimer’s Disease

A
43
Q

Huntingtons Disease

A
  • Genetic disorder
    • HD gene located on chromosome 4
    • Extra CAG repeat on the end of the gene
  • Caused by degeneration of neuronal cells
    • Frontal lobes
    • Basal ganglia
    • Caudate nucleus
  • Symptoms
    • Jerky uncoordinated movements which become progressively worse
    • Excecutive function, abstract thinking, speech and perceptual and spatial function are all affected
44
Q

Blood Supply

A

Anatomy & Physiology I (12 decks)

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