Lecture 02 Newborn Nutrition Flashcards
Newborn Nutrition: What are gastric muscles & GI motility like at birth?
Gastric muscles are weak at birth GI motility is pretty slow, and empties in 2~3 hours
What’s the stomach capacity at birth?
30 ml
What are the caloric needs of a full term new born from 1~3 months?
110/kcal/kg/day
What are the caloric needs of a full term newborn at 3~12 months
100/kcal/kg/day
How many calories/oz does human milk provide?
20 kcal/oz
What are the carbohydrate needs of newborns?
They have small hepatic glycogen stores. Nutritional source should supply 40% to 45% of total calories
What are the primary source of carbs for babies?
Human milk-lactose Slow in breakdown and absorption Formula: corn syrup solids or glucose polymers Need to supplement the lactose in cow’s milk
What is the ideal source of protein for newborn infants? Why is that?
Human milk protein is the ideal source of newborn. Human milk also contains more lactalbumin (whey) and this is more easily and rapidly digested than casein*. Casein is in cow’s milk
Why is EFAs (essential fatty acids) required for term babies?
EFAs are required for growth and tissue maintenance. Fat in human milk is easier to digest and absorb
What special supplement must be done for newborns being fed cow’s milk?
Since newborns can’t digest cow’s milk fat, it needs to have another fat source, i.e corn oil
Why can’t newborns be fed whole milk/evaporated milk?
They don’t have digestible fat
Why can’t skim/low fat milk be fed to newborns?
They don’t have EFAs
Why is breast feeding better than formula?
It has live cells, and helps enhance cognitive development
What are fluid requirements for babies a day?
Requirement: 80~100 ml/kg/day Human milk is 87% water
What’s a caution with feeding water to newborns?
It decreases overall caloric consumption by filling them up with empty calories
What causes would require some breast fed infants to have vitamin D supplementation?
decreased sun exposure, dark skinned, preterm, vegan maternal diet
Why is vitamin K given to infants?
Vitamin K enhances blood coagulation, and is produced by intestinal bacteria. Since the gut is sterile at birth, the shot is given.
How is human milk beneficial for iron absorption?
Iron in human milk is better absorbed compared to cow’s milk High lactose and vitamin C levels in human milk helps with absorption. Babies that were just breastfed have adequate iron stores for 4~6 months of life.
What can excessive fluoride amounts do to babies?
It can cause spotting of permanent teeth.
When are fluoride supplements recommended?
When infants are not receiving fluoridated water after 6 months of age
Stages of Lactation
When does Lactogenesis Stage I occur?
Colostrum production is around 16 weeks, describe the benefits of colostrum (4)
Lactogenesis Stage 1 beings in pregnancy
- Colostrum is more concetrated than mature milk
- Rich in immunoglobulins
- High concentrations of protein facilitates bilirubin binding
- Laxative action promotes early passage of meconium
Stages of Lactation
Lactogenesis Stage II
What occurs at this stage?
milk comes in
Colostrum gradually changes to mature milk around 3~5 postpartum dependent on amount of stimulation
Stages of Lactation
Lactogenesis Stage III
What occurs to milk production around this time?
What is the composition of the milk
By 2 weeks, how much milk does the mother produce?
How do you increase milk production?
Milk production around 10 days postpartum is fully mature.
The composition of milk changes with each feeding.
Foremilk is made up of 60% skim milk & 35% whole milk
Hind milk 5% cream, denser calories
By 2 weeks, the motehr produces 900 ml/24 hours
You can increase milk production by having more frequent feeding.
What triggers the release of prolactin?
When are the levels the highest? (2)
What does it promote?
Triggered by decrease in estrogen and progesterone after birth and released by the anterior pituitary.
Prolactin levels are highest during: 1. First 10 days. 2. at night.
Prolactin is produced in response to infant suckling and emptiness of breasts.
Prolactin promotes relaxation
