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Test 2 Anatomy And Physiology > Lect Chapter 4a-4b > Flashcards

Lect Chapter 4a-4b Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 basic tissue types?

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous tissue

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2
Q

What steps need to be done to view tissues microscopically?

A
  1. Fixed - preserved
  2. Sectioned - cut to thin slices
  3. Stained - to contrast different structures
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3
Q

What are two main forms of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Covering and lining

2. Glandular

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4
Q

What are the main functions of epithelia?

A
  • protection
  • absorption
  • filtration
  • excretion
  • secretion (enzymes)
  • sensory reception
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5
Q

Five distinguishing charactaristics of epithelium

A
  1. Polarity
  2. Specialized contacts
  3. Supported by connective tissues
  4. Avascular (no blood supply done by diffusion) and innervated (has nerves)
  5. regeneration
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6
Q

Explain the polarity of epithelial tissue

A

Cells have polarity (top and bottom)
Cells have an APICAL surface, upper side exposed to the surface /cavity.
AND
a BASAL side, lower part, attached to basal lamina (inward to body) adhesive sheet holds basal surface of epi.

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7
Q

Explain the specialized contacts of epithelial tissue

A

Need to fit close together

Specialized contact points bind cells together with tight junctions and desmosomes.

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8
Q

Explain how the epithelial tissue is supported by connective tissue

A
  • reticular lamina
    Deep in the basal lamina
    Consists of network of collagen fibers
- Basement membrane
        Made up of basal and reticular lamina
        Reinforces epithelial sheets
        Resist stretching and tearing
        Defines epithelial boundary
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9
Q

Explain the avascular but innervated charactaristic of epithelial tissue

A
  • has no blood vessels could be nourished by diffusion

- supplied with nerve Fibers

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10
Q

Explain the regeneration characteristic of epithelial tissue

A
  • Begins with loss of apical-basal polarity and broken lateral contact
  • friction and hostile substances = damage
    Must be replaced
    Needs nutrients and cell division
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11
Q

How are epithelial cells named and what fare they?

A
  • first name is SIMPLE - one layer of cells or STRATIFIED - two or more layers thick involved in protection
  • second name indicated shape
    Squamous
    Cuboidal
    Columnar
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12
Q

What processes involve simple epithelia

Tricky not just squamous

A

Absorption
Secretion
Filtration

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13
Q

Describe simple squamous epithelium, what is their function and name 2 special simple squamous epithelia.

A

Single flat layer of disc-shaped cells w little cytoplasm.

Allow materials to pass by diffusion and filtration and secretes lubrication substances.

Endothelium - lines lymph vessels, blood vessels and heart
Mesothelium - serous membranes in the ventral body cavity

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14
Q

Where are some places simple squamous epithelia is found

A

Kidneys, lungs, lining the heart, lymphatic vessels

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15
Q

Describe simple cuboidal epi, their function, and location found

A

Single layer of cube-like cells w large central nuclei

Secretion and absorption

Kidney tubules
Ducts and secretory portions of small glands

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16
Q

Describe simple columnar epi, their function, and location found

A

Single tall layer of closely packed cells with nucleus in a row.
Some cells have cilia some microvilli
Some layers contain goblet cells that
secrete mucus

Non-ciliated type; Absorption
Secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other subs
Ciliated type; Movement of mucus
Movement of reproductive cells

17
Q

Describe pseudostratified columnar epithelium, function, and location found.

A

Look stratified but are a single layer of cells of varying heights some not reaching the exposed ares. Nuclei r at diff levels. May contain mucus secreting cells. Have cilia

Secrete subs *mucus
Move mucus via Cilia

Mostly an upper respiratory tract, doctors of large glands, and tubules of testes

18
Q

Describe Stratified squamous epithelium, function, and location found

A

Thick membrane made of several cell layers. Basal layers are cuboidal or columnar Surface cells or squamous. Keratinized cells found on the upper layer of skin, non-keratinized cells found in moist linings

Primarily for protection

Keratinized version forms the skin
Non-keratinized versions for moist linings of esophagus mouth vagina anus

19
Q

Describe stratified cuboidal epithelium, function, and location found

A

Usually only two cell layers thick

Found in some Sweat and Mammary glands

20
Q

Describe Stratified columnar epithelium, function, and location found

A

Only the apical layer is columnar

Small amounts found in pharynx mail urethra and lightning some glandular ducts

Usually only occurs at transition areas between two other types of epithelia

21
Q

Describe transitional epithelium, function, and location found

A

Basal cells are cuboidal or columnar surface cells are dome shaped or squamous like

Stretches readily and permits stored urine to distend urinary Organ

Ureters, bladder, part of the router

22
Q

How are glands classified And explain?

A
  • site of product release:
    Endocrine - Internally secreting
    Exocrine – externally secreting
  • Number of cells forming the gland
    Unicellular - goblet cells or
    multicellular – salivary
23
Q

Describe Endocrine glands, and how and where they secrete?

A

– Ductless glands

  • secreted by exocytosis

The hormone secreted travel through lymph or blood to target organs

24
Q

Describe Exocrine glands, and how do they secrete

A
  • They have ducts
    Can be UNI or multicellular
  • Secrete products via ducts onto body surfaces example skin or into body cavities.

Mucus, sweat, oil and salivary glands

25
Q

Describe Multicellular exocrine glands.

A

Made of a duct and a secretory unit, Surrounded by connective tissue that can form a capsule or extend into the gland dividing it into lobes

26
Q

How are the Multicellular exocrine glands classified and explain?

A

Classified by
1. STRUCTURE:
SIMPLE exocrine glands - unbranched ducts
COMPOUND exo glands - have branched ducts
TUBULAR gland - secretory glands form a duct
ALVEOLAR gland - sec glands form sacs

  1. MODE OF SECRETION:
    MEROCRINE - secrete by exocytosis sweat
    HOLOCRINE - rupture completely oil glands
    APOCRINE - only apex ruptures
27
Q

What are the four main classes of connective tissue?

A

Connective tissue proper Cartlidge
bone
blood

Test 2 Anatomy And Physiology (6 decks)

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