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Test 2 Anatomy And Physiology > Lect Chapter 3a > Flashcards

Lect Chapter 3a Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the cell theory

A

– A cell is a structural in functional unit of life
– How well a organism is doingDepends on the individual and combined activities of all it cells.
-Cells can only arise from other other cells
-Function of cells are dictated by the shape of the cells and specific sub cellular structure

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2
Q

How many different types of human cells aren there and speak of cell diversity

A
  • 200 Types of human cells

- different structures have different functions

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3
Q

What are the three basic parts of a human cell

A

The plasma membrane and the nucleus and cytoplasm

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4
Q

What is the plasma membrane

A

Flexible outer boundary

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5
Q

What is the cytoplasm

A

Intracellular fluid containing organelles

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6
Q

What is the nucleus

A

DNA containing control center

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7
Q

Name some extracellular materials

A

Extracellular fluids
cellular secretions
extracellular matrix

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8
Q

Name extracellular fluids found in the body.

A

Interstitial fluid
Blood plasma
Cerebral spinal fluid

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9
Q

What are extracellular matrix

A

Substance that acts like glue to hold cells together

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10
Q

What are main functions of the plasma membrane

A
  • Acts as an active barrier between intercellular and extracellular fluid
  • plays a dynamic role in selectivity controlling what enters and leaves the cell
  • aka cell membrane
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11
Q

Is the structure of the structure of the plasma membrane

A
  • membrane lipids form flexible lipid bilayer
  • specialized membrane proteins (fluid mosaic) float through this fluid membrane
  • surface sugars form glycocalyx
  • cell junctions help hold the soul together
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12
Q

What are the different Membrane lipids and what percentage are each?

A
  • Lipid bilayer made up of 75% phospholipids consisting of two parts the phosphate head which is a polar (charged) and hydrophilic segment and a fatty acid tail which is a nonpolar (no charge)hydrophobic
  • 5% glycolipids which is a lipid with a sugar group on the outer membrane surface and -20% cholesterol which increases the membrane as stability
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13
Q

Explain broadly what membrane proteins do and describe?

A

-Allow cell communication with Enviornment
– make up about half the mass of the plasma membrane
– most have specialized membrane functions
– some float freely, and some are tethered to intracellular structures

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14
Q

What tasks do the membrane proteins perform?

A
  • transport
  • receptors for signal transduction
  • attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
  • enzymatic activity
  • intercellular joining
  • cell to cell recognition
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15
Q

What are two types of membrane proteins

A

Integral proteins

peripheral proteins

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16
Q

Describe integral proteins

A
  • Firmly inserted into membrane – most are trans membrane proteins the span the membrane
  • have both hydrophobic areas that interact with lipids and hydrophilic areas that interact with water
  • Function as transport proteins, enzymes, or receptors
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17
Q

Describe the peripheral proteins

A
  • Loosely attached to integral proteins
  • include filaments or intracellular surface used for plasma membrane support
  • function as enzymes, cell to cell connections, motor proteins for shape change during cell division and muscle contraction
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18
Q

Describe how a membrane protein performs the task of transport

A

It could provide a hydrophilic channel across the membrane selective for a specific solute some transport proteins hydrolyze ATP as energy source to active Lee pump substances across the membrane

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19
Q

Describe how a membrane protein may perform the task of receptors for signal transduction

A

Select membrane proteins exposed to the outside of the cell may have a binding site that fits a specific chemical messenger such as a hormone. When triggered this chemical messenger may cause a change in shape in the protein that initiates a chain of chemical reactions in the cell.

20
Q

Describe how a membrane protein may attach to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix.

A

Membrane proteins may anchor two elements of the cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix hoping to maintain shape and fix the location of certain membrane proteins other membrane proteins play a role in cell movement or bind adjacent cells together

21
Q

Describe the enzymatic activity of certain membrane proteins

A
  • The membrane protein may be an enzyme with an active site exposed to substances in the adjacent solution
  • a team of several enzymes in a membrane may capitalize sequential steps of a metabolic pathway. For example one enzyme me catalase solute a into solute be and another enzyme will catalase solute be into solute see and continues until it becomes metabolized into solutes Z
22
Q

Describe how a membrane protein helps in intercellular joining

A
  • membrane proteins may be hooked two adjacent cells in various kinds of intercellular junctions
    – some membrane proteins (cell adhesion molecules or cams) of this group provide temporary binding sites that guide cell migration and other cell to cell interactions
23
Q

How do you some membrane proteins perform cell to cell recognition

A

Some glycoproteins (Proteins bonded to short chains of sugar which help to make up the glycocalyx) serve as identification tags that are specifically recognized by other cells.

24
Q

What is the glycocalyx and what purpose does it serve

A

It consists of sugars carbohydrates sticking out of the cell surface
-some sugars are attached to lipids glycolipids and some to proteins glycoproteins

This serves as specific biological marker for cell to cell recognition and allows the immune system to recognize self versus non-self.
Every cell tape has a different pattern of this sugarcoating

25
Q

What are three ways cells can be bound together to form tissues and organs?

A

–Tight junctions
–desmosomes
–gap junctions

26
Q

Explain the characteristics of a tight junction

A
  • These are integral proteins on adjacent cells fuse to form an in permeable junction that in circles the whole cell
  • prevent fluids in most molecules from moving in between cells for example stomach
27
Q

Explain desmosomes cell junctions

A

Rivet like cell junction formed when linker proteins of neighboring cells interlock like teeth of a zipper or Velcro-linker protein is anchored to its cell through thickened button like areas on inside of plasma membrane called plaques
- keratin filaments connect plaques intracellularly for added anchoring strength – desmosomes allow give between cells reducing the possibility of tearing under tension

28
Q

What are connexons what do they do

A

Form the pore for a gap junction between the cytoplasm of two adjacent cells. This channel allows for bidirectional flow of ions and signaling molecules.

29
Q

What Are two ways substances move across the plasma membrane?

A
  • Active processes where energy ATP is required

- passive processes were no energy is required

30
Q

Are two types of passive membrane transport

A

Diffusion and filtration

31
Q

Where does filtration normally occur

A

Usually occurs across capillary walls

32
Q

What influences the speed of diffusion

A

Size of the molecule and temperature

33
Q

How does the plasma membrane’s selectively permeable barriers affect diffusion?

A

They stop diffusion and create concentration gradients on either side

34
Q

What molecules are able to passively diffuse through membranes

A
  • Lipid soluble and non-polar substances
  • very small molecules that can pass through membrane or membrane of the channels
  • larger molecules assisted by carrier molecules
35
Q

What will pass through via simple diffusion?

A
  • Nonpolar lipid soluble hydrophobic substances diffuse directly through the phospholipid bilayer

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, fat soluble vitamins

36
Q

What are the two types of facilitated diffusion?

A
  • Carrier mediated facilitated diffusion

- channel mediated facilitated diffusion

37
Q

What are The carriers in carrier mediated facilitated diffusion and explain how it works

A

The carriers are transmembrane integral proteins

and they transport specific polar molecules such as sugars and amino acids too large for membrane channels. Binding of molecule causes carrier to change shape moving the molecule in the process

Binding is limited by the number of carriers present

38
Q

What are channel in the channel mediated facilitated diffusion and explain how it happens

A

Channels with aqueous filled cores are formed (aquaPorins) by transmembrane proteins
-channels transport molecules such as ions or water down there concentration gradient.

Specificity based on poor size and/or charge

39
Q

What are two types of channels in the channel mediated facilitated diffusion?

A

-Leakage channels always open -gated channels controlled by chemical or electrical signals

40
Q

What are two ways water diffuses via osmosis through the plasma membrane

A
  • go to specific water channels called aquaPorins
  • Through the lipid bilayer even though it’s polar because it is so small it could still get through the non-polar phospholipid tails
41
Q

When does osmosis occur?

A

When water or other solvent concentration is different on the two sides of the membrane

42
Q

What is Osmolarity

A

It’s the measure of total concentration of solute particles

43
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

Pressure of water inside the cell pushing on the membrane

44
Q

What is Osmotic pressure

A

Tendency of water to move into a sell by osmosis the more solutes inside a cell the higher the osmotic pressure

45
Q

What is changing cell volume affect

A

Can disrupt cell function especially in neurons

46
Q

What is tonicity

A

The ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of cells by altering the cells internal water volume
Example hypertonic solutions pull water out of the cells hypotonic solutions are never give in because it results in hemolysis

Test 2 Anatomy And Physiology (6 decks)

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