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Test 2 Anatomy And Physiology > Lect Chapter 3c and d > Flashcards

Lect Chapter 3c and d Flashcards

1
Q

What is another name for the cytoplasm and what is a composed of?

A

A.k.a. protoplast
1 - cytosol
2 - inclusions
3 - organelles

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2
Q

What is the cytosol, inclusion, organelles?

A
  • Cytosol Gel like solution made up of water and soluble molecules
  • inclusions insoluble molecules
  • organelles metabolic machinery structure of cell
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3
Q

Two classes of cytoplasmic organelles are?

A

Members and nonmembers

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4
Q

Name the membranous organelles

A 
Mitochondria 
endoplasmic reticulum 
Golgi apparatus 
peroxisomes 
lysosomes
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5
Q

Nonmembers cytoplasmic organelles are?

A

Ribosomes
cytoskeleton
centrioles

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6
Q

Membranous organelle in the cytoplasm resembles bacteria? Explain its main function and it’s unique membrane?

A
  • Mitochondria has a double membrane, the innermembrane has many folds called Cristae
  • it’s main function is to produce most of the cells energy molecules ( ATP)
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7
Q

What cytoplasmic organelle has its own DNA, RNA and ribosomes?

A

Mitochondria have mDNA, mRNA, and ribosomes

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8
Q

Where are ribosomes located And what are their differing functions?
What are they made it up of?

A
  • Ribosomes are made of proteins and ribosomal RNA ( rRNA)
  • Free ribosomes are free-floating and they make the protein used in the cell
  • membrane-bound ribosomes are attached to the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and make protein for membranes of lysosomes Export out of the cell (for use out of the cell)
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9
Q

What is another name for endoplasmic reticulum (ER), what are the two types, And describe them?

A 
A.k.a. cisternae
- two types:
Rough ER 
smooth ER
- Consist of a series of parallel interconnected cisterns or flattened membrane is tubes that enclose fluid filled interiors.
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10
Q

What’s the Visual difference Between rough ER and smooth ER?

A

Rough ER has ribosomes smooth ER has none

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11
Q

Explain rough ER function

A
  • ribosomes on the rough ER help with protein synthesis
  • proteins enter cisterns and are synthesized/modified as they go through the fluid filled tubes
  • Final Protein is enclosed in a vesicle and sent to Golgi apparatus for further processing
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12
Q

Explain smooth ER function

A
  • continuous with rough ER these looped tubes have enzymes (integral proteins)
  • lipid metabolism (cholesterol, hormones)
  • absorption, synthesis, and transport of fats
  • detoxification of certain chemicals (drugs , Pesticides)
  • Convert glycogen to Free glucose
  • stores and release calcium
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13
Q

Describe the Golgi apparatus?

A

Stacked flattened membranous cistern sacs

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14
Q

What is the post office or the traffic director of the cell? And how does it do this?

A
  • Golgi apparatus

- it modifies, concentrates, and packages proteins and lipids received from rough ER

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15
Q

Three steps involved in Golgi apparatus delivery system

A

1 - Transport vesicles coming from ER fuse with cis face (inner or closer to nucleus) of Golgi
2 - proteins or lipids are further modified sorted and packaged
3 - Final product is sent to one of three pathways in new transport vesicles coming off of trans face (outer or further from nucleus)

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16
Q

What are the three pathways the Golgi apparatus can send the final transport vesicles to?

A

Pathway:
A. Secretory vesicles containing proteins for exocytosis fuse to plasma membrane ejecting them for use outside of the cell
B. Vesicles containing lipids or transmembrane proteins fused with plasma membrane or organelle membrane deposit in contents directly into destination membrane
C. Lysosomes containing digestive enzymes remain in the cell holding contents until needed

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17
Q

Describe The membranous cell organelle peroxisomes.

What is its function?

A
  • Membranous sacs containing powerful detoxifying substances
  • remove free radicals
  • Play a role in the breakdown and synthesis of fatty acids
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18
Q

What are the two main detoxifiers in peroxisome‘s and how do they work

A
  • oxidase uses oxygen to convert toxins into hydrogen peroxide
  • Catalase converts hydrogen peroxide to water
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19
Q

Describe lysosome shape.

What is its function?

A
  • spherical membranous bags
  • isolates potentially harmful intracellular digestion from the rest of the cell ( CF site)
  • Digest ingested bacteria viruses and toxins with digestive enzyme acid hydrolases
  • Degrade non-functional organelles
  • autolysis-injured cell releases intracellularly causing the cell to digest itself.
  • metabolism-breaks down and releases glycogen breaks down and releases calcium ion from the bone
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20
Q

What is the Endomembrane system composed of?

A

Composed of the

  • ER
  • Golgi apparatus
  • secretory vesicles
  • lysosomes
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21
Q

What do you things does the Endo membrane system mostly due?

A
  1. Produce, degrade, store, and export biological molecules

2. Degrade potentially harmful substances

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22
Q

What is The non-memraneous cytoskeleton?

A
  • network of rods that run Throughout cytosol
  • Hundreds of types of proteins Link rods two other cell structures
  • acts as the cells bones, ligaments and muscles by playing a role in the movement of cell components.
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23
Q

What are three types of cytoskeleton?

A

Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

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24
Q

Describe the microfilaments and their role

A
  • Made of semiflexible strands of joined spherical protein subunits (actin)
  • The strands are arranged in a web attached to cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane which strengthened cell surface and helps resist compression
  • Some r involved in cell motility, changes in cell shape, or endocytosis and exocytosis.
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25
Q

Describe intermediate filaments size, construction, and purpose.

A
  • size is in between microfilaments and microtubules
  • made of tough insoluble rope like protein fibers made of tetramer (four) fibrils
  • help cell resist pulling forces and act as internal guy wires attached to desmosome plaques.
  • named differently in different cells
26
Q

Describe microtubules composition, size and function

A
  • composed of protein subunits (tubulins) that forms hollow tubes.
  • largest of cytoskeleton elements
  • radiate from centrosome area of cell
  • determines overall shape of cell and distribution of organelles
  • many organelles or tethered to make it to microtubules keeping them in place
  • microtubules are used as tracks by motor proteins
27
Q

What are motor proteins function how is it done?

A

–Function in movement of organelles and other substances around the cell

  • powered by ATP
  • use microtubules as tracks
28
Q

Where is the centrosome (cell center) located?

What’s the main function? What’s it made of describe its shape?

A
  • located near the nucleus

- It is a microtubule organizing center, made of granular matrix and centrioles.

29
Q

What are centrioles and how are they arranged?
What do they form the basis of?
What are two Things they could do?

A

–They are a pair of barrel shaped microtubular organelles that light at Right angles to each other

  • barrel is arranged in nine triplet tubules 9+0
  • They form the basis of cilia and flagella
  1. Aid in cell division
  2. Form cytoskeletal track system
30
Q

What are three cellular extensions and what’s their purpose?

A
  • Cilia and flagella aid in the movement of the cell or of materials across the surface of the cell
  • Microvilli are fingerlike projections that increase surface area
31
Q

Describe cilia, And what’s the function?

A

Celia are whip like moving extensions on surfaces of some cells that work together in a sweeping motion to move substances across the cell surface in one direction

32
Q

Describe flagella and their function

A

Flagella or longer extensions that propel the whole cell.

swimming movement example tail of sperm

33
Q

Explain the cilia movements

A

Alternate between power stroke and recovery stroke which produces a current at cell surface that moves substances forward

34
Q

What is the structure of Cillian flagella

A

Made by centrioles they consist of microtubules that have nine sets of doublets surrounding A central pair of doublets 9+2 pattern of microtubules

35
Q

What are microvilli? What are they used for? What is the structure

A

Minute fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane projecting from the surface

  • used to increase surface area for absorption
  • have a core of actin microfilaments that is used for stiffening of projections
36
Q

What is the nucleus of the cell?

A
  • Largest organelle, contains genetic library of blueprints for synthesis of nearly all cellular proteins
37
Q

What is a cell called with one, many, no nucleus?

A
  • uni nucleated
  • Multi nucleated
  • Anucleated
38
Q

What. Are the three main structures of the nucleus?

A
  1. Nuclear envelope
  2. Nucleoli
  3. Chromatin
39
Q

What is the structure of the nuclear envelope? And explain the function

A
  • It has a double membrane barrier - outer layer is continuous with rough ER and studded with ribosomes
  • Inner layer called nuclear lamina has a network of mesh proteins that maintains nuclear shape and acts as scaffolding for DNA.
  • nuclear pores allows substances to pass in and out of the nucleus but guarded by nuclear pore complex regulating transport of specific large molecules
40
Q

What is the structure of nucleoli?What did they do? How many usually Per cell?

A

Dark staining spherical bodies with in the nucleus that are involved in ribosomal RNA (rRNA)synthesis ribosome subunits assembly.
One or two per cell

41
Q

What is chromatin? Where is it found? What is the percentage composition?

A
  • It is part protein part DNA
  • found in the nuclear plasm
  • consist of 30% strands of DNA 60% histone proteins and 10% RNA
42
Q

How is chromatin arranged?

A

Arranged in Fundamental units called nucleosome’s made of DNA wrapped around histones

43
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

They are condensed chromatin. Condensed to protect fragile chromatin threads during cell division

44
Q

What is the cell cycle and what are the two major periods of the cell cycle?

A

– Series of changes A cell undergoes from the time it is formed until it reproduces
- Two major periods are the interphase and cell division

45
Q

What is the interphase and what is the cell division also called?

A
  • interphase is where the cell grows and carries on its usual activities
  • mitotic phase is when the cell divides into two
46
Q

What are the sub phases of interphase?

A
  • G1 ( gap one): growth and metabolism
    (Once it grows to a certain size it triggers a G1 restriction point moving it to the next subfees)
  • S (synthetic): DNA replication (DNA synthesis phase)
  • G2 Open parentheses gap two): growth and preparation for division
47
Q

Explain The DNA replication (DNA synthesis phase) phase in interphase.

A
  1. Double strand DNA Helices unwind and unzip:
    - Replication fork: point where strand separate
    - replication bubble: active area of replication
    - each strand is a template for a new complementary strand
  2. Irony starts replication while laying down short strands that act as primer
  3. Do you need polymerase attaches to primer and begins adding nucleotides to form a new strand
    - in a polymerase synthesizes both new strands at the same time (one leading and one lagging)
  4. DNA polymerase works only in one direction, leading strand is synthesized continuously lagging strand is synthesized into segments
  5. DNA ligase splices the lagging strand segments together
  6. Two identical daughter DNA molecules are formed from original
48
Q

Why is DNA replication called semi conservative?

A

Because each new double-stranded DNA is made of one old strand and one new strand

49
Q

In the mitotic phase of cell division what are the two distinct events?

A
  1. Mitosis

2. Cytokinesis

50
Q

What are the four stages of mitosis that ensure each cell receive a full copy of replicated DNA?
PMAT

A 
Prophase 
metaphase 
anaphase 
telophase
PMAT
51
Q

What are the two parts that prophase can be broken into and what occurs during each?

A
  1. Early prophase
    - chromatin condenses to chromosomes
    - each chromosome and it’s duplicate sister chromatid (DNA) are held together by centromere
    - centrosome and it’s duplicate begin synthesizing microtubules pushing each centrosome to opposite poles of cell. (Mitotic spindle) other microtubules called Astors radiate from centrosome.
  2. Late prophase
    - nuclear envelope breaks up
    - special microtubules attached to specific area on centromere is called kinetochore and Paul chromosomes to center (equator) of the cell
    - non-kinetochore microtubules push against each other, causing poles of cell to move further apart
52
Q

What happens during the metaphase of cell division?

A
  • centromere‘s of chromosomes are precisely a line at cells equator
  • Metaphase plate or imaginary plane midway between poles is visible
53
Q

What happens in anaphase of cell division?

A
  • centromere’s of chromosomes split simultaneously and each chromatid now becomes a separate chromosomes
  • One chromosome of each original pair goes to opposite poles via motor proteins of kinetochores
  • nonkinetochores microtubules keep forcing poles apart
  • shortest of all phases
54
Q

What happens during the Tele phase of cell division?

A
  • begins when chromosome movement stops
  • each set of chromosomes (Opposite ends of the cell) uncoil’s to form chromatin
  • New nuclear membranes form around each chromatin mass
  • nucleoli reappear
  • spindle disappears (At center equator)
55
Q

What occurs during cytokinesis? And when does it happen?

A
  • ring of actin microfilaments contract to form cleavage furrow
  • two daughter cells are pinched apart
  • Starts during late anaphase and continues through mitosis
56
Q

What are the go and stop signals the direct cell to divide?

A
  • go signals include growth factors, hormones. Surface to volume ratio of a cell (cell grows too big) becomes in adequate for exchange
  • stop signals include contact inhibition, when they come into contact with other cells
57
Q

What are the two proteins crucial to a cell’s ability to accomplish the S phase and enter mitosis? How did they interact with each other?

A

Cyclin and CDKS (cyclin – dependent kinases)

  • CDKS activates cyclins when they bind to them
  • cyclin-CDKS complex then activates enzyme Cascades that prepare cell for division.
  • cyclins Or destroyed after my ptotic cell division, and process begins again
58
Q

What are the checkpoints, what do they check for and What happens if they fail?

A

G1 checkpoint checks the cell division processes. If it’s faulty cell division stops until repairs are made. One stop it enters G0 no further division occurs.
G2/M checkpoint does the same

59
Q

What is the master blueprints that holds theCode for proteins synthesis.

A

DNA, directs the order of amino acids in a polypeptide. The segment of DNA that holds the code for one polypeptide is referred to as a gene. Example GCC GGG GGC etc.

60
Q

What determines the code and what does it consist of?

A

The code is determined by the specific order of nitrogen bases. It consist of three sequential bases triplet code. Each triplet specifies the code for a particular amino acid

Test 2 Anatomy And Physiology (6 decks)

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