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504 - Tissue Bio > Lect 7 > Flashcards

Lect 7 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the primary function of the lungs?

A

Gas exchange by moving air in and out of lungs mechanically

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2
Q

How is air conditioned?

A

Warmed (to 37 degrees), humidified (to 100%), filtered and sterilized

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3
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

Between air and blood

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4
Q

What is the pulmonary ventilation rate?

A

6L/min == 8,640 L/day

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5
Q

What anatomy helps to conduct air?

A

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles

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6
Q

What anatomy helps exchange gas and what zone is this?

A

The respiratory zone – bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli

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7
Q

What anatomy helps drive breathing?

A

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contained within thoracic cage

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8
Q

What are the zones within the lung?

A

Conducting zone, respiratory zone and pulmonary circulation

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9
Q

What does the conducting zone of the lung do?

A

It is a sequentially branching pathway through which air flows into and out of the lung

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10
Q

What is the respiratory zone of the lung?

A

Collections of thin-walled sacs where gas exchange occurs

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11
Q

What makes up pulmonary circulation?

A

Blood vessels that supply and drain the capillary network that covers the gas exchanging surfaces of the lung

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12
Q

What happens to particulate matter breathed in?

A

Particulate matter (dust, microbes, pollution) are brought in through nasal passages and nasopharynx where they are filtered or get impacted and trapped in mucus layer generated by upper airway epithelium

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13
Q

What size particles are trapped in nasopharyngeal mucus layer and what size get down into trachea are are deposited onto bronchial mucus layer?

A

Size 5-10 microns and 2-5 microns respectively

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14
Q

What rate is mucus propelled at?

A

more than or equal to 16 mm/min on cilitiated epithelium

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15
Q

What is the mucociliary escalator and how does it move?

A

Beating cilia move mucus sheet on surface of epithelium all in one direction (cephalad) – goblet cells make mucus that traps particles and carries leukocytes with phagocytosed material to be moved out

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16
Q

What is the direction of mucus in nasal passage?

A

Caudad towards mouth – whereas in trachea and below it is cephalad towards mouth

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17
Q

What comprises the swallowing reflex?

A

Closure of glottis, pharyngeal contraction and inhibition of breathing

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18
Q

How is air conditioned?

A

Humidified by water evaporated from fluid lining of airway epithelium – warmed by blood vessels near airway epithelium – filtered by mucociliary escalator and sterilized by macrophages and leukocytes

19
Q

What is the pathway of the conducting zone?

A

Trachea to 2 primary bronchi (left and right) to lobar bronchi (2 left, 3 right) to segmental bronchi aka bronchopulmonary segments (8 left, 10 right) to bronchioles

20
Q

What generation are the terminal bronchioles of the conducting zone?

A

16th generation

21
Q

At what generation does respiratory zone occur?

A

17-23rd generate

22
Q

What makes up the branches of the respiratory zone?

A

Respiratory bronchioles (acinus) to alveolar ducts to alveoli – increasing in area

23
Q

How many alveoli are there?

A

300 million making up 70 square meters

24
Q

What makes up the anatomy of the trachea and large bronchi?

A

mucosa (with ciliated epithelium and goblet cells), submucosal glands for mucous secretion, cartilage and smooth muscle

25
Q

Where are lymphatic channels most abundant?

A

Lung more than any other tissue - for immune system trafficking

26
Q

What is lost in the bronchioles compared to the bronchi and trachea?

A

Muscle, cartilage and most of mucosal surface

27
Q

What is lost in alveoli compared to bronchioles?

A

Mucosal surface and muscle

28
Q

What are clara cells?

A

Used for serous secretion

29
Q

What is the nervous system makeup in the lungs?

A

Walls of bronchi and bonchioles are innervated by autonomic nervous system

30
Q

What does beta adrenergic stimulation lead to?

A

Bronchodilation and mucus secretion

31
Q

What does alpha adrenergic stimulation lead to?

A

Decreased mucus production – adrenaline/epinephrine in fight or flight

32
Q

What separates alveoli?

A

Alveolar septa made up of epithelial cells and capillary layer below

33
Q

What type of alveolar cells cover 95% of the surface area?

A

Type 1

34
Q

What type of alveolar cells only cover 5% of surface area but comprise 60% of epithelial cells?

A

Type 2

35
Q

What type of alveolar cell produces surfactant and what does that do?

A

Type 2 – regulates surface tension

36
Q

What cause repulsion of alveoli? what does this lead to?

A

Surfactant molecules being closer together in small alveoli which decreases surface tension and helps equalize pressure relative to large alveooli

37
Q

How do gases get to alveoli from blood?

A

Diffusion that travels a short distance allowing for it to be rapid

38
Q

What makes up air?

A

Mostly nitrogen (but doesn’t provide us any energy)
Then 21% oxygen
With trace amounts of carbondioxide and helium,argon

39
Q

What is the importance of partial pressure of gases?

A

They can be measure in a patient’s blood and compared back to expected alveolar values to see if lung is working well

40
Q

What is the partial pressure of oxygen in air? and in blood?

A

160 mm Hg - closer to 100 mm Hg in blood

41
Q

What defines the amount of pressure?

A

The ideal gas law, PV = nRT

42
Q

What can shift the oxyhemoglobin curve right? and what does that mean?

A

higher temperature, pressure of carbon dioxide, lower pH from lactic acid in anaerobic conditions, DPG metabolic intermediate – means oxygen comes off hemoglobin faster (unloading)

43
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

Decreased oxygen binding to hemoglobin in a low pH environment (working muscle) – right shift of the curve

504 - Tissue Bio (8 decks)

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