Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

504 - Tissue Bio > Lect 5 > Flashcards

Lect 5 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the four main tissue types?

A

Epithelium, connective, muscle and nervous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the purpose of epithelium?

A

It lines the surfaces and cavities in sheets of flat or pleated cells – regulate transport of materials and form glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the purpose of connective tissue?

A

To form skeletal structure, provide conduit for blood vessels and nerves, make attachments and provide support, allows for transport of nutrients, storage of metabolites, and basis for tissue repair – combination of cells and ECM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the subtypes of connective tissue?

A

Loose - areolar tissue
Dense - irregular or regular
Determined by composition and organization of ECM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the resident cells of connective tissue and the wandering cells?

A

Resident cells - fibroblasts and adipocytes

Wandering - macrophages, mast cells and other leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the purpose of the musculoskeletal system?

A

To provide protection and support, blood cell formation, mineral homeostasis, storage of fat and miners, and leverage – system of bones, joints and muscles working together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What tissue types comprise the musculoskeletal system?

A

Bones, ligaments, cartilage, skeletal muscle and tendons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the composition of bone?

A

70% inorganic calcium phosphate in a crystalline structure, 22% water and 8% organic which is mostly collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the different types of bones?

A

Compact/cortical or spongry and immature or mature through process of remodeling and long bones or flat bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

When do the rings in compact bone microanatomy form?

A

During remodeling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the ring structures in bone called and what runs through their center?

A

Osteons - with haversian canal to allow blood and nerves through

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the canals that allow blood vessels through perpendicular to haversial canals?

A

Volkmann’s canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the inside layer and outside layer of bone called?

A

Inside - endosteum and outside facing periphery is periosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where is spongy bone found in long bones?

A

Mostly in the ends

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What type of cartilage is at the end of long bones?

A

Articular cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the various sections of the long bone?

A

The ends are the epiphysis containing the growth plates of epiphyseal lines
Metaphysis is the neck region and diaphysis is the shaft with an inner marrow cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is bundled in the epiphysis of long bones and why?

A

Trabeculae to resist compression because bundles are very tight and crosslinked by running in different directions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the main cell types in bone?

A

Osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are mature osteoblasts called?

A

Osteocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the distribution of cell types in osteoperosis?

A

A net loss of bone mass due to decreased osteoblasts or increased osteoclasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the main features of osteoblasts?

A

They are derived from primitive osteoprogenitor cells - found on the internal bone surface - secrete osteoid to be mineralized and become osteocytes when surrounded by mineralized matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is required to be present for bone formation?

A

Blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the main features of osetocytes?

A

They are mature osteoblasts surrounded by matrix they produced – have extensive canaliculi (cytoplasmic processes that stretch out to bone surface for signaling) and gap junctions between adjacent osteocytes – function in turnover and maintenance of bone matrix and remodeling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is another name for bone remodeling?

A

Mechanotransduction

25
Q

What are the main features of osteoclasts?

A

Maintian overall integrity of skeleton by bone reabsorbing bone

26
Q

What do osteoclasts look like and where do they come from?

A

Large in size and are multinucleated – derived from pluripotent cells of the hematopoietic origin and generated by monocyte fusion

27
Q

Where do osteoclasts attach during bone resorption?

A

To bone at the clear zone via integrins

28
Q

How does bones resorption occur?

A

Exocytosis of enzymes and H+ to degrade bone matrix and endocytosis of degradation products – occurs at ruffled border with deep PM infoldings for increased SA – slow but continuous throughout life

29
Q

What does bone remodeling occur in response to?

A

Mechanical stress

30
Q

What is a BMU?

A

Basic Multicellular Unit – where bone remodeling occurs

31
Q

What are the phases of bone remodeling?

A

Resorption – activation of osteoclasts
Reversal – differentiation of osteoblasts
Formation – matrix synthesis
Mineralization

32
Q

How do the bone cells interact during bone remodeling?

A

Pre-osteoclast binds to an osteoblastic cell that give signaling to activate into full osteoclast which signals to pre-osteoblast through growth factors and calcium which signals to osteocyte

33
Q

How do bones develop?

A

1) cartilage model formed
2) periosteal collar of bone forms around shaft
3) cartilaginous matrix in shaft begins to calcify
4) blood vessels and connective tissue cells erode and invade calcified cartilage
5) marrow cavity formed – primary ossification center forms on calcified cartilage
6) blood vessels and perivascular cells invade the proximal epiphyseal cartilage
7) secondary center of ossification established in proximal epiphysis
8) secondary ossification center at distal end of bone forms
9) epiphyseal cartilage formed between epiphysis and diaphysis – growth plate
10) estrogen surge signals to proximal epiphyseal cartilage to dissapear and fuse

34
Q

Where does bone growth occur and what are the two modes?

A

On existing surfaces - two types

1) endochondral – bone is formed on existing cartilage template
2) intramembranous – bone is laid down directly without cartilage (bone-on-bone – usually neck up bones)

35
Q

What are the zones in the longitudinal bone growth?

A

Zone of reserve, proliferation, hypertrophy, calcified cartilage, resorption

36
Q

What happens in the zone of reserve?

A

no cellular proliferation or active matrix production

37
Q

What happens in the zone of proliferation?

A

cartilage cells undergo division and organize – actively produce collagen and other matrix proteins

38
Q

What happens in the zone of hypertrophy?

A

contains greatly enlarged cartilage cells (hypertrophic cells) and chondrocytes remain metabolically active to secrete type X collagen and VEGF for vascular invasion

39
Q

What happens in the zone of calcified cartilage?

A

Hypertrophied cells begin to degenerate and cartilage matrix sis calcified – bone template

40
Q

What happens in the zone of resorption?

A

Closest to diaphysis – small blood vessels and connective tissue invade the region forming new bone

41
Q

What classifies bone fractures/

A

Position of the bone ends after fracture, completeness of the break, orientation of bone to long axis, and whether or not ends penetrate skin

42
Q

What are some common types of fractures?

A

Complete - across full thickness of bone
Greenstick - incomplete or partial fracture
Open - skin exposed
Close - skin intact
Spiral - excessive twisting - sports injury
Compression - bone crushed
Transverse - perpendicular break in long bone

43
Q

What are the stages in bone repair?

A

Clotting, inflammation, callus, repair, remodeling

44
Q

What are characteristcs of cartilage?

A

Lack blood vessels – diffusion from outside tissue, lacks nerves so pain originates from surrounding tissue

45
Q

How does bone differ from cartilage?

A

Bone is mineralized, vascularized, has nerve supply, able to repair and remodel and interacts with other tissues

46
Q

What are 3 types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

47
Q

Where are the various cartilages located?

A

Hyaline is most predominant in fetal skeletal tissue, epiphyseal plates, articular surface of joints, costal cartilage of rib cage and rings of trachea
Elastic is mostly found in ear and epiglottis
Fibrocartilage mostly in intervertebral discs, menisci, pubic symphysis and tendon insertion

48
Q

What are the various functions of the types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline - resist compression and provides cushioning and low friction surface for joints
Elastic - flexible support
Fibrocartilage resists deformation under stress

49
Q

Which cartilage types have peri-chondrium?

A

Hyaline and elastic

50
Q

What cartilage types undergo calcification?

A

Hyaline and fibrocartilage

51
Q

What are the main cell types in each cartilage?

A

Hyaline - chondroblasts and chondrocytes
Elastic - chondroblasts and chondrocytes
Fibrocartilage - chondrocytes and fibroblasts

52
Q

What is the common collagen type across cartilage?

A

Type II

53
Q

What kind of cartilage is involved in scar formation?

A

Fibrocartilage

54
Q

What do all cartilage types have in common?

A

Growth is interstitial and appositional and limited in adults and repair is very limited

55
Q

What makes up the ECM of cartilage?

A

Chondrocytes embedded in matrix (usually in groups of 4 or less unless damaged) with collagen type II and hyaluronan with GAGs off sides

56
Q

What are the zones of hyaline cartilage?

A

Superficial, intermediate/transitional/middle, and deep/radial – calcified zone below and then bone

57
Q

What cartilage is similar in structure to hyaline but with a higher density of a different cartilage?

A

Fibrocartilage with type I

58
Q

What are the two mechanisms of cartilage growth?

A

Interstitial – growth from within by mitotic division of chondrocytes and expanded matrix
or appositional growth - growth on the surace by maturation of chondroprogenitors and formation of new matrix below perichondrium

504 - Tissue Bio (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions