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504 - Tissue Bio > Lect 6 > Flashcards

Lect 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the muscoskeletal system?

A

Bones and joints and muscles working together to provide essential function

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2
Q

What are essential functions of the muscoskeletal system?

A

Protection (brain and internal organs), support (posture), blood cell formation and hematopoiesis in bone marrow, mineral homeostasis and storage of fat, minerals and calcium, and leverage for movement and force

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3
Q

What are the levers and axes in the body?

A

Levers are the long bones and axes are the joints

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4
Q

What are the 5 tissue comprising the musculoskeletal system?

A

Bones, ligaments (for bone to bone attachment), cartilage, skeletal muscle and tendons (muscle to bone)

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5
Q

What are the types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal, cardiac and smooth

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6
Q

What is muscle tissue specialized for?

A

Movement by contraction

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7
Q

Which muscle type is voluntary and which is not striated?

A

Skeletal is voluntary and smooth is not striated

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8
Q

Where are the nuclei located in skeletal muscle?

A

On periphery of cell

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9
Q

Where are the nuclei on cardiac muscle and what can be seen holding in together?

A

Centrally located and intercalated disks of junctional components hold together

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10
Q

What is muscle organization from large to small?

A

Muscles made up of muscle fascicle made up of muscle fibers made up of myofibrils made up of sarcomeres

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11
Q

What are the membranes and cytoplasms involved in muscles?

A

Perimysium surrounds fascicle, sarcolemma surrounds fibers and sarcoplasm is the cytoplams

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12
Q

What are the different muscle fiber types?

A

Red, intermediate and white

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13
Q

Where is the color of muscle coming from?

A

The amount of myoglobin

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14
Q

What muscle fibers are fast or slow?

A

White and intermediate are fast and red is slow

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15
Q

Which muscle fiber is resistant to fatigue or gets fatigued?

A

Red and intermediate are resistant but white becomes fatigued

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16
Q

What is the numerical association with muscle fiber types?

A

Red is I

Intermediate is IIa and White is IIb

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17
Q

Which muscle fiber types has many and large mitochondria and which has sparse and small?

A

Red is large and many and white is sparse and small

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18
Q

Which muscle fiber is small and which is large?

A

Red is small and white is large

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19
Q

What muscle fiber has a lot of motoneuron innervation and high sensitivity?

A

White and red is small and low

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20
Q

What is the contractile element within muscle?

A

The sarcomere which shortens with contraction

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21
Q

What allows electric impulse to travel into the fiber and causes release of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

T-tubules

22
Q

What is the T-tubule par tof?

A

A triad

23
Q

What end of the moves during contraction?

A

Proximal end near body or head remains stationary while distal end moves

24
Q

What type of motion does muscle contraction produce?

A

Force producing the bending is always exerted as pulling to make muscle shorter

25
Q

Can muscle push?

A

Not actively – antagonist muscle groups counteract contracting muscles exerting an opposing pull

26
Q

What are the two main proteins involved in muscle contraction?

A

Actin and myosin

27
Q

What triggers the muscle contraction?

A

The motor nerve attached to each muscle fiber – neuromuscular junction

28
Q

What is the anchoring point for actin?

A

The Z-line

29
Q

What is the binding site for myosin?

A

Head binds to actin in presence of calcium

30
Q

What is the troponin complex?

A

Troponin T, C and I – to bind tropomyosin, calcium and inhibit actin-myosin interaction

31
Q

What is the I band in a sarcomere?

A

Distance from actin to myosin and becomes shorter during contraction

32
Q

What is the A band in a sarcomere?

A

Spans the myosin filament – stays constant during contraction

33
Q

What is the H band in a sarcomere?

A

Distance between actin molecules that also gets shorter during contractions

34
Q

What is bound to the myosin binding site on actin in resting muscle?

A

Troponin I and ADP is tightly bound

35
Q

What happens when an action potential leads to increased calcium during muscle contraction?

A

Troponin C binds calcium weakening troponin I interaction with actin and myosin binds to actin 00 ADP is released and myosin bends toward the H zone pulling actin in same direction

36
Q

When does myosin release actin?

A

When ATP binds to myosin and there is hydrolysis of ATP back to ADP and head is reset back to resting position

37
Q

What happens in rigor mortis?

A

There is no ATP so binding can not be released and muscle can not relax

38
Q

What lies at the neuromuscular junction?

A

Synaptic contact point between axon terminal and muscle fiber – synaptic cleft between – mitochondria and nuclei in close proximity

39
Q

What is the pathway of nerve firing within the muscle?

A

1) nerve impulse travels along the axon
2) acetylcholine released andbinds sodium channels and depolarization of sarcolemma occurs
3) sodium channels open and sodium enters
4) depolarization spreads over plasma membrane to t-tubules
5) voltage sensor protein confirmation changes in PM
6) calcium release channels are activated at triads
7) calcium is rapidly released from sarcoplasmic reticulum into sarcoplasm
8) calcium binds to TnC
9) contraction cycle is initiated and calicum returns to terminal cisternae of sarcopasmic reticulum

40
Q

How many contact points does one neuron have?

A

One neurons makes contact with several muscle fibers of the same type (makes up the motor unit)

41
Q

Does cardiac muscle have triads?

A

No diads instead – t-tubules found here

42
Q

What are the classes of muscle levers?

A 
First class has load at end close to fulcrum - such as the jaw
Second class has load evenly between fulcrum and forme -- such as in leg and foot
Third class has load on opposite end from fulcrum such as arm (elbow as fulcrum)
43
Q

What is the shape of smooth muscle?

A

Fusiform with no striations

44
Q

Where does calcium bind during smooth muscle contraction?

A

Calmodulin

45
Q

What signals for smooth muscle contraction?

A

Autonomic nervous system and hormonal circulation

46
Q

What muscle type doesn’tt have t-tubules?

A

Smooth

47
Q

What muscle types uses somatic innervation?

A

Skeletal

48
Q

Which muscle type allows for regeneration and has mitosis present?

A

Smooth

49
Q

What are the joints found between bones?

A

Sutures in skull that don’t allow movement and synovial that allow movement with a cavity space and capsule enclosing joint space with synovial fluid with ligament attachments

50
Q

What happens to joints in osteoarthritis?

A

Capsule becomes thicker, synovium becomes thicker, cartilage degrades and cysts develop

51
Q

What are the catabolic pathways in osteoarthritis?

A

Elevated MMPs breakdown collagen and lower MMP inhibitors result in loss of control, elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines

52
Q

What are the poor repair potentials of osteoarthritis?

A

No blood supply - less progenitor cells available - dense matrix prevents cell migration or proliferation - constant inflammatory state

504 - Tissue Bio (8 decks)

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