lect 3: cross sectional

Question 1

what is a paradigm

Answer 1

assumptions and beliefs that guide research that we conduct

Question 2

what are the 3 types of research paradigsm

Answer 2

1) quantitative (tradiitional method of science, at group level
2) single subject (at individual level)
3) qualitative (descriptive of lived experiences)

Question 3

in what research paradigm would we manipulate an interviention

Answer 3

quantitative

Question 4

which of the 3 paradigms would be the objective one

Answer 4

quantitative

Question 5

which research paradigm involves the subjective experiences of an individual

Answer 5

quantitative

Question 6

what is the purpose of the qualitative reserach paradigm

Answer 6

aims to interpret human experience in regards to the context of the situation

Question 7

what is the purpose of the quantitative reserach paradigm

Answer 7

objective measurable data that focuses on generalizing the results to a particular target population

Question 8

true or false: in the study design of quantitative research you need a hypothesis or theory

Answer 8

true

Question 9

true or false: quantitative research helps determine if the theory/hypthesis can be confirmed

Answer 9

true

Question 10

when must the hypothesis/theory be stated in quantitative researach

Answer 10

prior to conduction the study

Question 11

what are the two subdivision of quantitative rearch

Answer 11

descriptive
analytic

Question 12

true or false: descriptive studies establish causality

Answer 12

false, they do not

Question 13

what are the 3 types of studies that go under descriptive studies

Answer 13

case report
case sereis
survey

Question 14

what are the 2 types of studies that go under analytic studies (general)

Answer 14

observational and experimental

Question 15

what are the only types of study in the analytic study design that can establish causality

Answer 15

experimental studies (RCT, quasi experimental, cross over and single-subject design)

Question 16

what are 2 differences between observation and experimental studies

Answer 16

observational studies just observe whereas experimental ones intervene

experimental can establish causality

Question 17

what are the types of studies that are considered anayltic, observational

Answer 17

cross sectional (includes surveys)
case control
cohort studies

Question 18

what are the types of studies that are considered anayltic, experimental

Answer 18

RCT
quasi-experimental
cross-over
single-subject design

Question 19

true or falseL survey methods can only be used in observation studies

Answer 19

false, also in experimental

Question 20

what is a descriptive study design

Answer 20

describe the characteristics, characteristics of a population or a group of people or group of individuals undergoing a particular treatment or living with a particular condition.they are used in general to identify patterns, trends, relationship within a population, but they do not allow to establish cause and effect

Question 21

true or false: analytic design are used to determine parameters

Answer 21

true

Question 22

explain an observational study design

Answer 22

observe but do not intervene
=identify risk factors in a population and use it to find prevalence, history

Question 23

true or false: cross sectional studies are observational

Answer 23

true

Question 24

true or false: cross sectional studies are done over a period of time

Answer 24

false at one point in time

Question 25

describe experimental studies

Answer 25

the researcher intervenes/actively manipulates the variable to see its affect on a particular outcome

Question 26

true or false: experimental cannot establish causality

Answer 26

false it can

Question 27

what is the hierchay of scientific evidence

Answer 27

1) metaanalysis and systemic reviws 2) RCT 3) cohort 4) case control 5) cross sectional 6) animal designs 7) case reports, opinion papers

Question 28

why is the cross sectional design not in the oxford pyramid

Answer 28

because they do not establish causality

Question 29

what is the general purpose of cross sectional design

Answer 29

assess the strength and the direction of the association/relationship between variables (but cannot imply causality)

Question 30

what are cross sectional studies

Answer 30

DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES OF HEALTH STATES, CONDITIONS, DISABILITY AT ONE POINT IN TIME =prevlance in a population risk factors for a particular population

Question 31

true or false:cross sectional studies are DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES OF HEALTH STATES, CONDITIONS, DISABILITY AT different points in time

Answer 31

false, at one point in time

Question 32

what type of study design is important for looking at prevalence or risk factors

Answer 32

cross-sectional

Question 33

where would a cross-sectional design fit in the research cycle

Answer 33

mostly in the burden of disease

Question 34

true or false: CSS are used to estimate prevalnce

Answer 34

true

Question 35

what is prevalence

Answer 35

the proportion of people with a particular condition or health attire in a given population and 1 point in time prevalence = existing cases/number sampled (can be multiplied by a constant to give an estimate of a population)

Question 36

what are some of the strengths of a CSS

Answer 36

- Often surveys the general population (can reach a large number of respondents and may collect data on many variables) - Helpful when trying to design a program allocate ressources - Carried out quickly - Less costly than many other study designs -Determine association between two or more variables -Determines the strength and direction of the relationship

Question 37

what are the general weaknesses of the CSS

Answer 37

cannot establish cause and effect temporality (you dont know which occurred first) =variables need to be in a direct pathway selection bias information bias confounding bias

Question 38

true or false: in a CSS, researchers to not manipulate variables

Answer 38

true