lect 3: cross sectional Flashcards
what is a paradigm
assumptions and beliefs that guide research that we conduct
what are the 3 types of research paradigsm
1) quantitative (tradiitional method of science, at group level
2) single subject (at individual level)
3) qualitative (descriptive of lived experiences)
in what research paradigm would we manipulate an interviention
quantitative
which of the 3 paradigms would be the objective one
quantitative
which research paradigm involves the subjective experiences of an individual
quantitative
what is the purpose of the qualitative reserach paradigm
aims to interpret human experience in regards to the context of the situation
what is the purpose of the quantitative reserach paradigm
objective measurable data that focuses on generalizing the results to a particular target population
true or false: in the study design of quantitative research you need a hypothesis or theory
true
true or false: quantitative research helps determine if the theory/hypthesis can be confirmed
true
when must the hypothesis/theory be stated in quantitative researach
prior to conduction the study
what are the two subdivision of quantitative rearch
descriptive
analytic
true or false: descriptive studies establish causality
false, they do not
what are the 3 types of studies that go under descriptive studies
case report
case sereis
survey
what are the 2 types of studies that go under analytic studies (general)
observational and experimental
what are the only types of study in the analytic study design that can establish causality
experimental studies (RCT, quasi experimental, cross over and single-subject design)
what are 2 differences between observation and experimental studies
observational studies just observe whereas experimental ones intervene
experimental can establish causality
what are the types of studies that are considered anayltic, observational
cross sectional (includes surveys)
case control
cohort studies
what are the types of studies that are considered anayltic, experimental
RCT
quasi-experimental
cross-over
single-subject design
true or falseL survey methods can only be used in observation studies
false, also in experimental
what is a descriptive study design
describe the characteristics, characteristics of a population or a group of people or group of individuals undergoing a particular treatment or living with a particular condition.they are used in general to identify patterns, trends, relationship within a population, but they do not allow to establish cause and effect
true or false: analytic design are used to determine parameters
true
explain an observational study design
observe but do not intervene
=identify risk factors in a population and use it to find prevalence, history
true or false: cross sectional studies are observational
true
true or false: cross sectional studies are done over a period of time
false at one point in time
describe experimental studies
the researcher intervenes/actively manipulates the variable to see its affect on a particular outcome
true or false: experimental cannot establish causality
false it can
what is the hierchay of scientific evidence
1) metaanalysis and systemic reviws
2) RCT
3) cohort
4) case control
5) cross sectional
6) animal designs
7) case reports, opinion papers
why is the cross sectional design not in the oxford pyramid
because they do not establish causality
what is the general purpose of cross sectional design
assess the strength and the direction of the association/relationship between variables (but cannot imply causality)
what are cross sectional studies
DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES OF HEALTH STATES, CONDITIONS, DISABILITY AT ONE POINT IN TIME
=prevlance in a population
risk factors for a particular population
true or false:cross sectional studies are DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES OF HEALTH STATES, CONDITIONS, DISABILITY AT different points in time
false, at one point in time
what type of study design is important for looking at prevalence or risk factors
cross-sectional
where would a cross-sectional design fit in the research cycle
mostly in the burden of disease
true or false: CSS are used to estimate prevalnce
true
what is prevalence
the proportion of people with a particular condition or health attire in a given population and 1 point in time
prevalence = existing cases/number sampled
(can be multiplied by a constant to give an estimate of a population)
what are some of the strengths of a CSS
- Often surveys the general population (can reach a large number of respondents and may collect data on many variables)
- Helpful when trying to design a program allocate ressources
- Carried out quickly
- Less costly than many other study designs
-Determine association between two or more variables
-Determines the strength and direction of the relationship
what are the general weaknesses of the CSS
cannot establish cause and effect
temporality (you dont know which occurred first)
=variables need to be in a direct pathway
selection bias
information bias
confounding bias
true or false: in a CSS, researchers to not manipulate variables
true
