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POTH RESEARCH > LECT 2.1: variables and outcomes > Flashcards

LECT 2.1: variables and outcomes Flashcards

1
Q

define a variable

A

A characteristic or attribute that can be measured and that varies across people, places, and time.

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2
Q

AFTER STUDYING, REFER TO TABLE IN SLIDE 7 TO NAME AND CLASSIFY THE VARIABLES

A
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3
Q

what are the 2 broad classification of variables

A

independent and depend

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4
Q

what is an independent variable

A

used to explain or predict a response, outcome or result:
– Exposure – Explanatory – Exposure/ cause – Risk factor – Intervention / drug / stimulus

=independent variable is usually what the researcher is manipulating/is the intervention

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5
Q

what is a dependent variable

A

Outcome of the study (e.g., ROM, pain, function, HRQOL)
– Depend on the changes in the independent variables

=usually are the variables that are BEING MEASURED/observed that are INFLUENCED by the independent variable

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6
Q

what is an outcome

A

attribute of an individual that is expected to change owing to intervention or exposure
=outcome= dependent variable

(outcome is the variable that is expected to change/be affected by the independent variable/intervention

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7
Q

in a study, the dependent variable would also be known as the

A

outcome

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8
Q

in a study, the independent variable would also be known as the

A

intervention

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9
Q

outcomes can be divided into primary and secondary outcomes… what is the primary one

A

one that drives the study, design, methods

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10
Q

what is a construct

A

broad concept that is not directly observable
represent abstract concepts that are difficult to directly measure
may have multiple domains

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11
Q

give construct examples

A

HRQOL
life satisfaction
function
participation

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12
Q

what does it mean for a dependent variable needs to be operationally defined

A

it means that the researcher must decide how to measure this outcome/dependent variable

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13
Q

what is the conceptual definition of HRQOL

A

HRQOL is subjective and multidimensional, encompassing physical and occupational function, psychological state, social interaction and somatic sensation”

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14
Q

in order to measure HRQOL you need an operational definition, what does that mean

A

you need to put the construct (HRQOL) into a measurable context… you would need some sort of tool

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15
Q

what is the operational definition of HRQOL

A

ex: – The score resulting from completing the EuroQOL-5D (EQ-5D) questionnaire evaluates a patient’s health across 5 dimensions

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16
Q

EQ5-D is a measure of what construct

A

HRQOL

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17
Q

explain what the EQ5D is

A

The EQ-5D is a standardized instrument for measuring health-related quality of life (HRQoL) The EQ-5D is a self-administered questionnaire

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18
Q

true or false: the EQ5D is a self-administered questionnaire

A

true

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19
Q

true or false: a domain is defined by constructs

A

false, a construct is defined by domains

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20
Q

define a domain

A

Refers to a specific area(s) or aspects of a construct that is being studied or measured.
e.g.: HRQOL construct is formed by multiple domains.

A CONSTRUCT IS DEFINED BY DOMAINS

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21
Q

A CONSTRUCT IS DEFINED BY…

A

DOMAINS

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22
Q

true or false: you can have different domains for the same construct and give example

A

true (eq5d vs SF-36 both measure the construct of HRQOL using different domains)

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23
Q

what are the domains in the eq5d questionnaire that are used to measure HRQOL

A

mobility
self care
usual activities
pain/discomfrot
anxiety/depression

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24
Q

true or faslse: Domains are assessed by a sub-scale or portion of a questionnaire or measuring instrumen

A

true

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25
Q

what type of outcome measure is the EQ5d (clinro, performance-ro, patient ro

A

patient ro

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26
Q

what type of outcome measure is the SF-36 (clinro, performance-ro, patient ro

A

patient ro

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27
Q

what is the sf-36

A

The SF-36 (Short Form 36) is a widely used questionnaire designed to measure health-related quality of life (HRQoL). It consists of 36 questions covering eight health domains,

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28
Q

lower scores in the SF-36 indicate more or less disbilites

A

more disability

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29
Q

what are the domains of the Sf-36

A

vitality
physical functioning
bodily pain
general health perceptions
physical role functioning
emotional role function
social role functioning
mental health

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30
Q

are outcome measures and outcomes the same

A

no

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31
Q

what is an outcome measure

A

it is the tool or instrument used to measure an outcome
→ allows us to measure the current status of the patient and obviously the impact of an intervention and to see if there is a change occurring.

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32
Q

what are the 4 “categories” of outcome measures (NOT CLINRO STUFF)

A

1) self-report measures
2) physical performance measures
3) functional performance measures
4) physiological measures

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33
Q

true or false: physical performance outcome measures can only be CLINRO

A

false they can be CLINRO (ex: goniometer) but also performance reported (6MWT)

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34
Q

give examples of self report outcome measures

A

questionaries (DASH, lefs,SF-36

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35
Q

give examples of physical performance outcome measures

A

goniomoeter
dynammometer
gait speed test
6 min walk test
cardiovascular endurance test (Vo2 max)

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36
Q

give examples of functional performance outcome measures

A

berg balance
timed up and go

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37
Q

give examples of physiological outcome measures

A

HR monitor
sphygomanonmeter
weight scale
measuring

38
Q

are outcomes and outcome measures the same thing

A

no outcome = dependent (the impact of the independent variable)

outcome measure= what you are using to measure

39
Q

what is the ICF

A

a framework developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) to describing health, disability and function
divided into 2 components (functioning and contextual factors)

40
Q

explain the components in the functioning section of the ICF

A

Body Functions and Structures:
This component of the ICF model refers to the physiological functions of the body (such as sensory, mental, and cardiovascular functions) and anatomical structures (such as organs and limbs).

Activities
Activities refer to the execution of tasks or actions by an individual, such as walking, writing, or communicating.

Participation
Participation refers to involvement in life situations, such as work, education, and social activities.

41
Q

explain the components in the contextual section of the ICF

A

nvironmental Factors:
Environmental factors include the physical, social, and attitudinal aspects of the environment that can either facilitate or hinder an individual’s functioning. This component encompasses factors such as social support, accessibility of buildings and transportation, attitudes of others, and the presence of assistive devices or accommodations.

Personal Factors:
Personal factors refer to individual characteristics that are not part of a health condition but can influence an individual’s functioning and disability. These may include factors such as age, gender, coping styles, beliefs, and attitudes.

42
Q

lets say someone has COPD (explain their disability using the ICF framework)

A

bodily structures: shortness of breath, loss of muscle mass etc

activities: may not be able to walk or do adl performance

participation: can no longer work

Environmental: can not longer walk up stairs and his work doesn’t support his condition

personal: will not stop smoking to making his COPD better

43
Q

give some examples of outcomes that would go under the impairments section of the ICF

A

pain
dexterity
aphasia
range of motion
strength
balance
endurance

44
Q

give some examples of outcomes that would go under the activtiy section of the ICF

A

ADL performance
mobility capacity (walking, stairs)

45
Q

give some examples of outcomes that would go under the participation restriction section of the ICF

A

grocery shopping
work

46
Q

what are the 3 reasons we measure in health (general)

A

discriminate
evaluate
predict

47
Q

what are the 3 reasons we measure in health and explain

A
  1. Discriminate: between healthy and unhealthy persons so that we know who to treat (for ex: screening test)
  2. Evaluate: change over time so we may understand the benefits of treatment ( eq-5D, walk test)

3.Predict: so we may know who might benefit the most from treatment and help people to plan for different eventualities.

48
Q

if you are given an example of a test, you must be able to know if it is discriminative, evaluative or predictive

A
49
Q

is the box and block test considered discriminative, evaluative or predictive

A

discriminative

50
Q

explain the box and block BBT test

A

Measure of unilateral gross manual dexterity individual’s ability to pick up, transport, and release small objects using one hand in 60 seconds

  • The BBT discriminates between individuals with varying levels of manual dexterity
  • A lower BBT score suggests greater difficulty in performing these activities, indicating potential motor impairment post-stroke
51
Q

what are some of the pros of the BBT test

A

simple
cost effective
allows us to discriminate between individuals with varied dexterity

52
Q

is the berg balance scale considered discriminative, evaluative or predictive

A

evaluative

53
Q

explain the berg balance scale (CHAT GPT)

A

The Berg Balance Scale is a tool used to measure a person’s balance and stability. It’s often used by healthcare professionals, like physical therapists, to assess how well someone can maintain their balance during different activities.

The scale consists of 14 different tasks that the person is asked to perform. These tasks include things like standing up from a chair, turning around, and standing on one leg. Each task is scored based on how well the person can complete it without losing their balance or needing help.

The scores from each task are added together to give an overall score. A higher score indicates better balance and stability, while a lower score may indicate a higher risk of falling or balance problems.

54
Q

explain why the berg balance is considered evaluative

A

allows us to evaluate the effectiveness of or of the rehabilitation intervention and how the patient has progressed over these six weeks.
(example take BBS at beginning before treatment, then give them exercises to improve balance and mobility and then redo he BBS 6 weeks later)

  • allows us that to measure that change because it has been developed as an evaluative scale
55
Q

is the BODE index considered discriminative, evaluative or predictive

A

predictive

56
Q

a score of 0-20 on berg means what

A

wheelchair bound

57
Q

a score of 21-40 on berg means what

A

walking with assistance

58
Q

a score of 41-56 on berg means what

A

independent

59
Q

what is the highest score of the berg

A

56

60
Q

what are the 12 balance items of the berg (IDK IF WE EVEN HAVE TO KNOW THIS)

A

sitting unsupported
Sitting to standing:
Standing to sitting:
Transfers:
Standing unsupported
standing with eyes closed:
Standing with feet together:
tandem standing
standing on one leg
turning trunk (feet fixed).
Retrieving object from the floor:
Turning 360 degrees:
stool stepping
reaching forward while standing

61
Q

what is the function of the BODE index

A

what is the function of the BODE indexallows us to predict future outcomes/events (used allot in people with COPD)

62
Q

what are the variables of the BODE index

A

FEV1 test
distance walking in 6 minutes
MMRC dyspnea scale
BMI

63
Q

a higher score on the BODe index indicates higher mortality or lower

A

higher

64
Q

what are the 3 types of outcome measures

A

patient reported outcome
clinician reported outcome
performance based outcome

65
Q

what is a patient reported outcome and give examples

A

information reported directly from the patient with regards to symptoms, feelings

ex: SF36, EQ5D, LEFS

66
Q

what is a clinician reported outcome and give examples

A

assessments conducted by the clinicians

ex: BBS, barthel index

67
Q

what is a performance based outcome and give examples

A

the OBJECTIVE measurement of functional, physical ,psychological abilities

ex: 6MWT, BBT, strength assessemt

68
Q

give some examples of outcomes MEASUREs that would go under the impairments section of the ICF

A

goniometer
berg balance
6MWT
box and block text

69
Q

give some examples of outcomes MEASUREs that would go under the activtity section of the ICF

A

lower extremity functional scale (LEGS)
barthel infex
sf-36
TUG

70
Q

give some examples of outcomes MEASUREs that would go under the participant restriction section of the ICF

A

assessment of life habits (LIFE h)

71
Q

what are the 2 times of quantitative data

A

continuous
categorical

72
Q

explain a continuous variable and give examples

A

can take on ANY value (the presicison of which depends on the measure being used)

Distribution is expected to be normal (bell-shaped)

Age, gait speed, distance walked, ROM

73
Q

explain the interval subtype of continuous data and give examples

A

=interval does not have a true” zero
ex: temperature, ph level, longitude)

74
Q

explain the diff between interval and ratio

A

ratio data has a true zero point, allowing meaningful ratios to be calculated, whereas interval data does not have a true zero point, making ratios meaningless.

75
Q

explain the ratio subtype of continuous data and give examples

A

=ratio has a true zero (represents the absence of the quality being measured)

ex: height, weight, time, distance

76
Q

explain a categorical variable and give examples

A

Categorical data is a type of data that represents qualitative attributes or characteristics. categorical data describes categories or groups into which items fall

ex: yes/no, order of things, ratings (good, better)

77
Q

what are the 3 subtypes of categorical data

A

binary (dichotomous)
nominal
ordinal

78
Q

explain a binary (dichotomous)
categorical data and give examples

A

can take on only 2 distinc categories or levels

ex: yes/no, dead/alive

79
Q

explain a nominal
categorical data and give examples

A

represents categories with named values and no inherent order

ex: eye colour (blue, brown, green)
marital status (single, divorced, widowed)

80
Q

explain a ordinal
categorical data and give examples

A

represents categories with named values and inherent order

ex: education level
health rating (poor, fair, good, very good)

81
Q

what are some of the ways we represent continuous data

A

through means, median, mode, standard dev

82
Q

what are some of the ways we represent categorical data

A

proportions, counts

83
Q

look at table on slide 34 and rank the variables as continuous, categorical etc

A
84
Q

what are the metric properties you need to consider when selecting an outcome measure (general)

A

reliability
validity
responsiveness
floor and ceiling effects

85
Q

what does reliabilityy mean (for selecting an outcome measure)

A

The extent to which a test or measure provides the same results on repeated trials or from different raters (≈ consistency, repeatability).

86
Q

what does validity mean (for selecting an outcome measure)

A

Refers to the capacity of the instrument to measure the underlying construct it is assumed and anticipated to measure

87
Q

what does responsiveness mean (for selecting an outcome measure)

A

The accurate detection of change when it has occurred and the ability to detect a minimally important difference (MID) in patient status.

88
Q

give brief difference between reliability, validity and responsiveness (chat got)

A

reliability assesses the consistency of measurement (REPRODUCIBILITY) , validity assesses the accuracy of measurement (CAN IT ACTUALLY MEASURE THE CONSTRUCT), and responsiveness assesses the ability of a measurement instrument to detect meaningful changes in the construct being measured

89
Q

explain floor and ceiling effects

A

Clustering of a sample at one or other end of the score. Significant if >20%

=if many patients results are at the upper or lower limit of the scale it means that the test is limited in ability to accurately measure the abilities of the patients

90
Q

what are the theoretical considerations for selecting an outcome measure (dont know the details just understand)

A

Interpretability: refers to issues such as meaning for the results obtained, classifications for results and availability of comparative norms

Feasibility: deals with effort, burden and expenses related to the administration of the outcome measure

Acceptability: Whether scale completion is laborious to patient and whether scales can be completed by a proxy.

Translation: Whether translated items mean the same or words have to be changed e.g. “I’m feeling down and blue”.

Cultural Sensitivity: Whether items in the scale are culturally relevant or not e.g. Action Research Arm Test, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)

91
Q

what are the practical considerations for selecting an outcome measure (dont know the details just understand)

A
  • Cost / Feasibility – equipment, staff time
  • Available in English, French
  • Respondent burden (questions, time)
  • Standardized instructions
  • Time/expertise for data management and analysis
  • Pilot test in specific clinical or research setting prior to implementation

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