LECT 1: Research question and study design

Question 1

what are the 6 important parts of the health research cycle

Answer 1

burden of disease
mechanisms/associations
efficacy
effectiveness
efficiency
implementation

Question 2

briefly explain what is meant by studying the “burden of disease”

Answer 2

identify knowledge, number, incidence, prevalence

Question 3

explain the difference between efficacy and effectiveness

Answer 3

efficacy = ability of an intervention to produce a beneficial effect under ideal and controlled conditions, typically in a clinical trial setting

effectiveness = pertains to the extent to which a healthcare intervention achieves its intended outcomes in routine clinical practice or real-world settings

Question 4

explain what is meant by efficiency in research

Answer 4

optimal use of resources (e.g., time, money, personnel, equipment) to achieve desired healthcare outcomes

Question 5

what are the 4 factors than can helpp determine where a research paper is good or bad

Answer 5

quesltiy of the RC
methodology
results
interpretation of results

Question 6

explain how quality of the research question can determine whether a research paper is good or bad

Answer 6

a good research paper will have a well-defined and clearly stated research question ( apply PICOT framework) that is relevant and important to the field

Question 7

explain how methodology can determine whether a research paper is good or bad

Answer 7

use appropriate and rigorous methods to answer the particular PICOT research question. This includes using a study design appropriate for the question being asked and collecting and analyzing data in a systematic and unbiased way.

Question 8

explain how the results can determine whether a research paper is good or bad

Answer 8

present clear and robust results that support the conclusions of the study.

Question 9

explain how the interpretation of resutls can determine whether a research paper is good or bad

Answer 9

interpret the results in a logical and unbiased way, and it will address the limitations of the study

Question 10

the objective/aim/purpose/goal of the study is aka

Answer 10

the research question

Question 11

what is the definition of the general/overall research objective

Answer 11

Describes the “big picture” of what gap in knowledge, this research study is intended to answer

Question 12

what is the definition of the specific objectives (primary)

Answer 12

Poses the question(s) that will be answered by the study to address the overall research objective
Should be specific and clear
This aim drives the research study plan

Question 13

what is the definition of the specific objectives (secondary)

Answer 13

Are additional research goals that complement a study’s primary aim(s) by providing additional insights or addressing relatedresearch questions.

e.g., conduct subgroup analyses within the study population to explore whether the primary findings hold true for specific subgroups.

Question 14

define hypothesis

Answer 14

Statement of what you think the answer to the question will be

Question 15

Warden SJ, Metcalf BR, Kiss ZS, et al. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound for chronic patellar tendinopathy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Rheumatology 2008; 47:467-71.

from this example state the overall research objective, the specific objective (PICOT) and the hypothesis

Answer 15

Research General Objective:
To compare the clinical efficacy of Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound (LIPUS) to a placebo in the management of patellar tendinopathy symptoms among skeletally mature people

Specific Objective (PICOT):
The extent to which a (T) 12-week course of (I) daily active-LIPUS compared with (C) inactive-LIPUS (placebo) changes (O) pain level of (P) skeletally mature patients with patellar tendinopathy?

Hypothesis:
Pain levels are reduced in patients who receive daily active-LIPUS (treatment) for 12 weeks compared with individuals who receive inactive-LIPUS (placebo)

Question 16

what is the purpose of a research question framework

Answer 16

to guide the researcher to ensure that all the niecesary components of the research are included in the question

Question 17

true or false: PICOT is a type of quantitative research framework

Answer 17

true

Question 18

what are the elements in the research framework PI(E)COT

Answer 18

p=population or patient population of interest
I/E = intervention/issue being studied OR exposure level 1
C=comparison/control/current standard of care OR exposure level 2
O= outcome you would like to measure or achieve

T = time frame or duration of the study

Question 19

what are the 2 elements of PICOT that might not always be relevant in the studies

Answer 19

time and compactor

Question 20

give the general PICOT format to be able to WRITE THE RESRACH QUESTION

Answer 20

in people with (P)
does a new intervention (I)
in comparison to (C)
affect outcome characteristic (O)
at time (t)

Question 21

using the below PICOT format, write the research question
in people with back pain (P)
does a new intervention: NSAID mends (I)
in comparison to: NOT TAKING NSAIDS (C)
affect outcome characteristic: back pain (O)
at time: 3 months (t)

Answer 21

in people with back pain, does taking NSAIDS in comparison to not taking NSAID, decrease back pain after 3 months of treatment

Question 22

give the general PECOT format to be able to WRITE THE RESRACH QUESTION

Answer 22

in people with (P)
does a higher level of exposure (EX level 1)
in comparison to a lower level of exposure (Ex level 2)
affect outcome charcatetics (O)
at time (T)

Question 23

using the below PECOT format, write the research question

in people with: COPD (P)
does a higher level of exposure: cIg smoking (EX level 1)
in comparison to a lower level of exposure: Cig levels (Ex level 2)
affect outcome charcatetics: lung cancer (O)
at time: 10 yeras (T)

Answer 23

in people with COPD, does a higher level of smoking in comparison to a lower level of smoking lead to lung cancer after 10 years

Question 24

what is this research question missing and does it matter?

“Does the COVID-19 vaccine convey greater immunologic response among women over the age of 60 compared to those between the ages of 40 and 59”

Answer 24

time is missing
time is not always relevant in the study

Question 25

what is the general diffs between PICOT, PECOT, and PICO

Answer 25

PICOT is looking at the impact of a certain intervention in an experimental versus control group (only one of the groups has the “intervention”)

PECOT is looking at the impact of different exposure levels (2 of the groups have the “intervention”

PICO is same as 1 but missing time element

Question 26

look at pre class assignment 1 to practice PIECOT components