LECT 1: Research question and study design Flashcards
what are the 6 important parts of the health research cycle
burden of disease
mechanisms/associations
efficacy
effectiveness
efficiency
implementation
briefly explain what is meant by studying the “burden of disease”
identify knowledge, number, incidence, prevalence
explain the difference between efficacy and effectiveness
efficacy = ability of an intervention to produce a beneficial effect under ideal and controlled conditions, typically in a clinical trial setting
effectiveness = pertains to the extent to which a healthcare intervention achieves its intended outcomes in routine clinical practice or real-world settings
explain what is meant by efficiency in research
optimal use of resources (e.g., time, money, personnel, equipment) to achieve desired healthcare outcomes
what are the 4 factors than can helpp determine where a research paper is good or bad
quesltiy of the RC
methodology
results
interpretation of results
explain how quality of the research question can determine whether a research paper is good or bad
a good research paper will have a well-defined and clearly stated research question ( apply PICOT framework) that is relevant and important to the field
explain how methodology can determine whether a research paper is good or bad
use appropriate and rigorous methods to answer the particular PICOT research question. This includes using a study design appropriate for the question being asked and collecting and analyzing data in a systematic and unbiased way.
explain how the results can determine whether a research paper is good or bad
present clear and robust results that support the conclusions of the study.
explain how the interpretation of resutls can determine whether a research paper is good or bad
interpret the results in a logical and unbiased way, and it will address the limitations of the study
the objective/aim/purpose/goal of the study is aka
the research question
what is the definition of the general/overall research objective
Describes the “big picture” of what gap in knowledge, this research study is intended to answer
what is the definition of the specific objectives (primary)
Poses the question(s) that will be answered by the study to address the overall research objective
Should be specific and clear
This aim drives the research study plan
what is the definition of the specific objectives (secondary)
Are additional research goals that complement a study’s primary aim(s) by providing additional insights or addressing relatedresearch questions.
e.g., conduct subgroup analyses within the study population to explore whether the primary findings hold true for specific subgroups.
define hypothesis
Statement of what you think the answer to the question will be
Warden SJ, Metcalf BR, Kiss ZS, et al. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound for chronic patellar tendinopathy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Rheumatology 2008; 47:467-71.
from this example state the overall research objective, the specific objective (PICOT) and the hypothesis
Research General Objective:
To compare the clinical efficacy of Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound (LIPUS) to a placebo in the management of patellar tendinopathy symptoms among skeletally mature people
Specific Objective (PICOT):
The extent to which a (T) 12-week course of (I) daily active-LIPUS compared with (C) inactive-LIPUS (placebo) changes (O) pain level of (P) skeletally mature patients with patellar tendinopathy?
Hypothesis:
Pain levels are reduced in patients who receive daily active-LIPUS (treatment) for 12 weeks compared with individuals who receive inactive-LIPUS (placebo)
what is the purpose of a research question framework
to guide the researcher to ensure that all the niecesary components of the research are included in the question
true or false: PICOT is a type of quantitative research framework
true
what are the elements in the research framework PI(E)COT
p=population or patient population of interest
I/E = intervention/issue being studied OR exposure level 1
C=comparison/control/current standard of care OR exposure level 2
O= outcome you would like to measure or achieve
T = time frame or duration of the study
what are the 2 elements of PICOT that might not always be relevant in the studies
time and compactor
give the general PICOT format to be able to WRITE THE RESRACH QUESTION
in people with (P)
does a new intervention (I)
in comparison to (C)
affect outcome characteristic (O)
at time (t)
using the below PICOT format, write the research question
in people with back pain (P)
does a new intervention: NSAID mends (I)
in comparison to: NOT TAKING NSAIDS (C)
affect outcome characteristic: back pain (O)
at time: 3 months (t)
in people with back pain, does taking NSAIDS in comparison to not taking NSAID, decrease back pain after 3 months of treatment
give the general PECOT format to be able to WRITE THE RESRACH QUESTION
in people with (P)
does a higher level of exposure (EX level 1)
in comparison to a lower level of exposure (Ex level 2)
affect outcome charcatetics (O)
at time (T)
using the below PECOT format, write the research question
in people with: COPD (P)
does a higher level of exposure: cIg smoking (EX level 1)
in comparison to a lower level of exposure: Cig levels (Ex level 2)
affect outcome charcatetics: lung cancer (O)
at time: 10 yeras (T)
in people with COPD, does a higher level of smoking in comparison to a lower level of smoking lead to lung cancer after 10 years
what is this research question missing and does it matter?
“Does the COVID-19 vaccine convey greater immunologic response among women over the age of 60 compared to those between the ages of 40 and 59”
time is missing
time is not always relevant in the study
what is the general diffs between PICOT, PECOT, and PICO
PICOT is looking at the impact of a certain intervention in an experimental versus control group (only one of the groups has the “intervention”)
PECOT is looking at the impact of different exposure levels (2 of the groups have the “intervention”
PICO is same as 1 but missing time element
look at pre class assignment 1 to practice PIECOT components
