lect 29: Pulmonary Histology

Question 1

what is respiratory epithelium

Answer 1

pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 2

what is the lamina propria

Answer 2

this layer of connective tissue (part of respiratory mucosa that lines the respiratory passageway)

Question 3

what type of tissue is the submucosa made of

Answer 3

dense irregular connective tissue

Question 4

what type of epithelium is the nares made of

Answer 4

stratified squamous epithelium continuous with epidermis

Question 5

what do nares contain

Answer 5

sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands, hair follicles

Question 6

what does the mucosa level that begins at the nasal septum include

Answer 6

respiratory epithelium, basement membrane, lamina propria

Question 7

what are some other names for mucosa

Answer 7

mucoperiosteum, mucoperichondrium, Schneiderin membrane

Question 8

what type of epithelium is n the nasal cavity roof

Answer 8

pseudo stratified columnar epithelium without goblet cells

Question 9

what doe basal cells with pigment granules give rise to

Answer 9

they are stem cells- give rise to immature olfactory cells

Question 10

what does the apical end of the olfactory cells project into

Answer 10

nasal cavity as a knoblike ending with nonmotile cilia

Question 11

what does the basal end of the cell of the olfactory cell extends into

Answer 11

as an unmyelinated axon that is bundled with other similar axons, through the ethmoid plate to mitral cells located in the olfactory bulb

Question 12

where are the olfactory glands of bowman located and what do they do

Answer 12

located in lamina propria
secrete odorant-binding protein
odorant-binding protein binds to odorant molecule in nasal cavity

Question 13

what is the olfactory signal sent by

Answer 13

mitral cells

Question 14

what is the odorant receptor protein

Answer 14

transmembrane member of the G-protein coupled receptor inserted in the plasma membrane of the modified cilium

Question 15

what type of epithelium is in the mucosa

Answer 15

respiratory epithelium

Question 16

what type of tissue is in the submucosa

Answer 16

loose connective tissue

Question 17

define waldeyer’s ring

Answer 17

ring of lymphoid tissue around nasopharynx

includes tonsils and adenoids

Question 18

what is the lingual surface of the epiglottis covered with

Answer 18

covered with stratified squamous epithelium

lamina propria with loose CT and elastic fibers

Question 19

what is the pharyngeal surface of the epiglottis covered with

Answer 19

covered with pseudo stratified ciliated epithelium

lamina propria with tubuloacinar seromucous glands

Question 20

what does the core of the epiglottis consists of

Answer 20

elastic cartilage

Question 21

what is the false vocal cords (vestibular folds) covered with

Answer 21

covered with pseudo stratified ciliated epithelium

lamina with seromucous glands

Question 22

what is the true vocal cords covered with

Answer 22

stratified squamous epithelium

Question 23

where is hyaline cartilage found in the larynx

Answer 23

thyroid
cricoid
arytenoids

Question 24

where is elastic cartilage found in the larynx

Answer 24

corniculates
cuneiforms
tips of arytenoids
epiglottis

Question 25

what type of muscle is in the larynx

Answer 25

skeletal muscle

Question 26

what type of glands are found in the trachea of the submucosa

Answer 26

many zero-mucous glands

Question 27

what are the openings between arms of horseshoe-shaped cartilages closed by in the adventitia of the trachea

Answer 27

FECT, mucous membrane, and smooth muscles (trachealis muscles)

Question 28

what are the bronchi that lie outside the lung

Answer 28

extrapulmonary bronchi

Question 29

what are segmental bronchi mostly

Answer 29

intrapulmonary

Question 30

what are segmental bronchi reinforced by

Answer 30

circular rings of hyaline cartilage that transition to irregular plates

Question 31

what happens as the bronchi become smaller

Answer 31

there is a decrease in the height of the epithelium, a decrease in cartilage and glands, and an increase in the proportion of elastic fibers and smooth muscles

Question 32

what type of fibers are prominent in the mucosa of the intrapulmonary bronchi

Answer 32

elastic fibers

Question 33

what is the submucosa of the intrapulmonary bronchi characterized by

Answer 33

characterized by loose CT and lymphatic tissue | contains mixed glands and mucous glands

Question 34

what does the adventitia of the intrapulmonary bronchi contain

Answer 34

hyaline cartilage plates surrounded by dense FECT

Question 35

what is absent in bronchioles

Answer 35

absence of cartilage | absence of glands

Question 36

what are the smallest type of bronchioles

Answer 36

terminal bronchioles

Question 37

what type of epithelium is characteristic of respiratory bronchioles

Answer 37

epithelium of low columnar to low cuboidal

Question 38

where does gas exchange typically occur in bronchioles

Answer 38

alveolar outpocketings

Question 39

what are alveolar ducts

Answer 39

continuations of respiratory bronchioles

Question 40

what type of epithelium is in alveolar ducts

Answer 40

squamous epithelium

Question 41

what do the walls of the alveolar ducts consists of

Answer 41

smooth muscle with FECT

Question 42

what is each alveolar sacs composed of

Answer 42

several alveoli

Question 43

what are the alveoli within sacs separated by

Answer 43

alveolar septa

Question 44

what is another name for type 1 and 2 alveolar cells

Answer 44

type 1 and 2 pneumocytes (respectively)

Question 45

what is the difference between type 1 and type 2 alveolar cells

Answer 45

type 1: less numerous than type 2 and cover largest surface area type 2: cuboidal or rounded. serve as stem cells for type 1 and type 2 pneumocytes

Question 46

what are pores of kohn

Answer 46

openings between adjacent alveoli

Question 47

how are smooth muscle fibers oriented

Answer 47

concentrically, in a spiral fasion

Question 48

how are elastic fibers oriented

Answer 48

longitudinally

Question 49

what type of epithelium is in stem cells in the mucosa

Answer 49

basal cells of pseudo stratified epithelium

Question 50

what are goblet cells in the mucosa

Answer 50

mucous secreting cells | also stem cells; can replace other cells of epithelium

Question 51

what are neuroendocrine cells

Answer 51

(small granule cells) may be associated with sensory reception and are more prevalent in infants release catecholamines

Question 52

what secretes surfactants

Answer 52

clara cells and type 2 alveolar cells

Question 53

what is lecithin secreted by and what do they combine with

Answer 53

secreted from apical domain of cells | combine with proteins from clara cells

Question 54

what does surfactant reduce

Answer 54

surface tension on alveolar surface

Question 55

what do type 2 alveolar cells phagocytize

Answer 55

old surfactant

Question 56

what are attributes of type 1 pnemuocytes

Answer 56

very thin cytoplasm cover about 95% of the alveolar surface tight junctions connect with other type 1 cells basal lamina may be fused with basal lamina of nearby capillaries

Question 57

what are attributes of type 2 pneumocytes

Answer 57

rounded cells that bulge into the alveolar lumen cover about 5% of the alveolar surface can divide and replace type 1 pneumocytes produce phospholipid-protein surfactant that coats alveolar walls

Question 58

where are clara cells found

Answer 58

only in bronchioles

Question 59

what happens to the number of clara cells as ciliated columnar cells decreases

Answer 59

they increase

Question 60

what do clara cells secrete what does does that secretion do

Answer 60

surface-active lipoprotein that prevents collapse of terminal bronchioles during exhalation

Question 61

what are dust cells derived from

Answer 61

monocytes

Question 62

what do dust cells phagocytize

Answer 62

particles such as pollutants, bacteria, and surfactant that are not trapped in the muous and expectorate

Question 63

what is the relation of dust cells to CHF

Answer 63

in CHF, fluid containing the breakdown products of hemoglobin leak into alveolar spaces and are phagocytized by the dust cells

Question 64

what are the iron-containing dust cells in CHF referred to as

Answer 64

heart failure cells

Question 65

what are the components of the blood-air barrier

Answer 65

thin capillary endothelium thin epithelium of pneumocyte intervening basal lamina produced by both cell types

Question 66

what does the blood-air barrier permit

Answer 66

permits gas exchange but does not allow fluids or cells to enter alveoli (normally)