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histology (E1 Woods) > lect 29: Pulmonary Histology > Flashcards

lect 29: Pulmonary Histology Flashcards

1
Q

what is respiratory epithelium

A

pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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2
Q

what is the lamina propria

A

this layer of connective tissue (part of respiratory mucosa that lines the respiratory passageway)

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3
Q

what type of tissue is the submucosa made of

A

dense irregular connective tissue

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4
Q

what type of epithelium is the nares made of

A

stratified squamous epithelium continuous with epidermis

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5
Q

what do nares contain

A

sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands, hair follicles

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6
Q

what does the mucosa level that begins at the nasal septum include

A

respiratory epithelium, basement membrane, lamina propria

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7
Q

what are some other names for mucosa

A

mucoperiosteum, mucoperichondrium, Schneiderin membrane

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8
Q

what type of epithelium is n the nasal cavity roof

A

pseudo stratified columnar epithelium without goblet cells

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9
Q

what doe basal cells with pigment granules give rise to

A

they are stem cells- give rise to immature olfactory cells

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10
Q

what does the apical end of the olfactory cells project into

A

nasal cavity as a knoblike ending with nonmotile cilia

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11
Q

what does the basal end of the cell of the olfactory cell extends into

A

as an unmyelinated axon that is bundled with other similar axons, through the ethmoid plate to mitral cells located in the olfactory bulb

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12
Q

where are the olfactory glands of bowman located and what do they do

A

located in lamina propria
secrete odorant-binding protein
odorant-binding protein binds to odorant molecule in nasal cavity

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13
Q

what is the olfactory signal sent by

A

mitral cells

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14
Q

what is the odorant receptor protein

A

transmembrane member of the G-protein coupled receptor inserted in the plasma membrane of the modified cilium

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15
Q

what type of epithelium is in the mucosa

A

respiratory epithelium

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16
Q

what type of tissue is in the submucosa

A

loose connective tissue

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17
Q

define waldeyer’s ring

A

ring of lymphoid tissue around nasopharynx

includes tonsils and adenoids

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18
Q

what is the lingual surface of the epiglottis covered with

A

covered with stratified squamous epithelium

lamina propria with loose CT and elastic fibers

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19
Q

what is the pharyngeal surface of the epiglottis covered with

A

covered with pseudo stratified ciliated epithelium

lamina propria with tubuloacinar seromucous glands

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20
Q

what does the core of the epiglottis consists of

A

elastic cartilage

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21
Q

what is the false vocal cords (vestibular folds) covered with

A

covered with pseudo stratified ciliated epithelium

lamina with seromucous glands

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22
Q

what is the true vocal cords covered with

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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23
Q

where is hyaline cartilage found in the larynx

A

thyroid
cricoid
arytenoids

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24
Q

where is elastic cartilage found in the larynx

A

corniculates
cuneiforms
tips of arytenoids
epiglottis

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25
Q

what type of muscle is in the larynx

A

skeletal muscle

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26
Q

what type of glands are found in the trachea of the submucosa

A

many zero-mucous glands

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27
Q

what are the openings between arms of horseshoe-shaped cartilages closed by in the adventitia of the trachea

A

FECT, mucous membrane, and smooth muscles (trachealis muscles)

28
Q

what are the bronchi that lie outside the lung

A

extrapulmonary bronchi

29
Q

what are segmental bronchi mostly

A

intrapulmonary

30
Q

what are segmental bronchi reinforced by

A

circular rings of hyaline cartilage that transition to irregular plates

31
Q

what happens as the bronchi become smaller

A

there is a decrease in the height of the epithelium, a decrease in cartilage and glands, and an increase in the proportion of elastic fibers and smooth muscles

32
Q

what type of fibers are prominent in the mucosa of the intrapulmonary bronchi

A

elastic fibers

33
Q

what is the submucosa of the intrapulmonary bronchi characterized by

A

characterized by loose CT and lymphatic tissue

contains mixed glands and mucous glands

34
Q

what does the adventitia of the intrapulmonary bronchi contain

A

hyaline cartilage plates surrounded by dense FECT

35
Q

what is absent in bronchioles

A

absence of cartilage

absence of glands

36
Q

what are the smallest type of bronchioles

A

terminal bronchioles

37
Q

what type of epithelium is characteristic of respiratory bronchioles

A

epithelium of low columnar to low cuboidal

38
Q

where does gas exchange typically occur in bronchioles

A

alveolar outpocketings

39
Q

what are alveolar ducts

A

continuations of respiratory bronchioles

40
Q

what type of epithelium is in alveolar ducts

A

squamous epithelium

41
Q

what do the walls of the alveolar ducts consists of

A

smooth muscle with FECT

42
Q

what is each alveolar sacs composed of

A

several alveoli

43
Q

what are the alveoli within sacs separated by

A

alveolar septa

44
Q

what is another name for type 1 and 2 alveolar cells

A

type 1 and 2 pneumocytes (respectively)

45
Q

what is the difference between type 1 and type 2 alveolar cells

A

type 1: less numerous than type 2 and cover largest surface area
type 2: cuboidal or rounded. serve as stem cells for type 1 and type 2 pneumocytes

46
Q

what are pores of kohn

A

openings between adjacent alveoli

47
Q

how are smooth muscle fibers oriented

A

concentrically, in a spiral fasion

48
Q

how are elastic fibers oriented

A

longitudinally

49
Q

what type of epithelium is in stem cells in the mucosa

A

basal cells of pseudo stratified epithelium

50
Q

what are goblet cells in the mucosa

A

mucous secreting cells

also stem cells; can replace other cells of epithelium

51
Q

what are neuroendocrine cells

A

(small granule cells)
may be associated with sensory reception and are more prevalent in infants
release catecholamines

52
Q

what secretes surfactants

A

clara cells and type 2 alveolar cells

53
Q

what is lecithin secreted by and what do they combine with

A

secreted from apical domain of cells

combine with proteins from clara cells

54
Q

what does surfactant reduce

A

surface tension on alveolar surface

55
Q

what do type 2 alveolar cells phagocytize

A

old surfactant

56
Q

what are attributes of type 1 pnemuocytes

A

very thin cytoplasm
cover about 95% of the alveolar surface
tight junctions connect with other type 1 cells
basal lamina may be fused with basal lamina of nearby capillaries

57
Q

what are attributes of type 2 pneumocytes

A

rounded cells that bulge into the alveolar lumen
cover about 5% of the alveolar surface
can divide and replace type 1 pneumocytes
produce phospholipid-protein surfactant that coats alveolar walls

58
Q

where are clara cells found

A

only in bronchioles

59
Q

what happens to the number of clara cells as ciliated columnar cells decreases

A

they increase

60
Q

what do clara cells secrete what does does that secretion do

A

surface-active lipoprotein that prevents collapse of terminal bronchioles during exhalation

61
Q

what are dust cells derived from

A

monocytes

62
Q

what do dust cells phagocytize

A

particles such as pollutants, bacteria, and surfactant that are not trapped in the muous and expectorate

63
Q

what is the relation of dust cells to CHF

A

in CHF, fluid containing the breakdown products of hemoglobin leak into alveolar spaces and are phagocytized by the dust cells

64
Q

what are the iron-containing dust cells in CHF referred to as

A

heart failure cells

65
Q

what are the components of the blood-air barrier

A

thin capillary endothelium
thin epithelium of pneumocyte
intervening basal lamina produced by both cell types

66
Q

what does the blood-air barrier permit

A

permits gas exchange but does not allow fluids or cells to enter alveoli (normally)

histology (E1 Woods) (22 decks)

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