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physiology (Woods) > lect 23- Pulmonary circulation > Flashcards

lect 23- Pulmonary circulation Flashcards

1
Q

what is the circulation for high pressure, low flow

A

thoracic aorta–> bronchial arteries–> trachea, bronchial tree, adventitia, CT

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2
Q

what is the circulation for low pressure, high flow

A

pulmonary artery and branches–> alveoli

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3
Q

what is the value for the pulmonary arterial pressure

A

24/9 mm Hg

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4
Q

what is the value for mean pulmonary arterial pressure

A

15 mm Hg

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5
Q

what is the pressure gradient in pulmonary system

A

7 mm Hg

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6
Q

what is the mean pressure in the left atrium

A

2 mm Hg

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7
Q

what happens to pulmonary circulation if there is a failure in the life side of the heart

A

increases blood volume as much as 100%
increases blood pressure
mild systemic effect because systemic blood volume is 9 times that of the pulmonary system

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8
Q

what is “dirty blood”

A

blood coming from the lung parenchyma and life side of the heart (it bypasses the pulmonary capillaries)

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9
Q

what happens when oxygen concentration in alveoli is 70& or more below normal

A

adjacent blood vessels constrict

caused by unknown vasoconstrictor that is possibly released by alveolar epithelial cells

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10
Q

describe zone 1 of the lungs

A

no blood flow; local alveolar cap. pressure never rises higher than alveolar air pressure

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11
Q

describe zone 2 of the lungs

A

intermittent blood flow (only during systole)

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12
Q

describe zone 3 of the lungs

A

continuous blood flow

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13
Q

how is blood flow normally distributed into the zones

A

apices have zone 2 flow

lower areas have zone 3 flow

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14
Q

what happens to the zones in the lungs during exercise

A

convert apices from zone 2 to zone 3 flow

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15
Q

what leads to general circulation when a person stands up

A

the fact that the pulmonary veins are a blood reservoir, increasing pulmonary blood volume by up to 400 ml

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16
Q

what results from obstructing blood supply to one normal lung

A

blood flow through other lung is doubled

because of passive dilation of pulmonary vessels, the pulmonary pressure in the other lung is only slightly increased

17
Q

what agents constrict pulmonary arterioles

A

norepinephrine
epinephrine
angiotensin II
some prostaglandins

18
Q

what agents dilate pulmonary arterioles

A

isoproterenol

acetylcholine

19
Q

what agents constrict pulmonary venules

A

serotonin
histamine
E. coli endotoxin

20
Q

what does sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerve fibers do

A

outflow from cervical sympathetic ganglia
decrease pulmonary blood flow by as much as 30%
mobilize blood from pulmonary reserve

21
Q

what happens to blood from through the lungs during exercse

A

it increases 4X to 7X
number of open capillaries increases up to 3X
distends all capillaries and increases flow rate up to 2X
increase in pulmonary arterial pressure

22
Q

why is it important that pulmonary arterial pressure rises little even during max exercise

A

it conserves energy of right side of heart

prevents significant rise in pulmonary capillary pressure

23
Q

what happens during left heart failure

A

blood begins to dam up in left atrium

left atrial pressure rises from 1-5 mm Hg to 40-50 mm Hg

24
Q

when is pulmonary edema likely to occur

A

when left atrial pressure rises above 25-30 mm Hg

25
Q

how does colloid osmotic pressure in pulmonary interstitial tissue compare to that in peripheral tissue

A

in pulmonary interstitial tissues it is about 2X as high

26
Q

how is alveolar epithelium ruptured

A

by any positive pressure in the interstitial spaces greater than alveolar air pressure

27
Q

what is the total outward force for capillaries (pulmonary interstitial forces)

A

29

28
Q

what is the mean filtration pressure

A

28

29
Q

how can excess fluid in the lung capillary be carried away

A

pulmonary lymphathics

30
Q

what are the most common causes of pulmonary edema

A

left-sided heart failure or mitral valve disease

damage to pulmonary blood capillary membranes (infections, breathing noxious substances)

31
Q

at what pressure will lungs usually collapse

A

-4 mm Hg

32
Q

what is pleural effusion

A

edema of the pleural cavity

33
Q

what are causes of pleural effusion

A

blockage of lymphathic drainage form pleural cavity
cardiac failure
considerably reduced plasma colloid osmotic pressure
infection/inflammation

34
Q

what does hypoxia do to pulmonary arteries

A

increases the pressure in them, possibly because of the release of prostaglandin

35
Q

what is the result of bronchial obstruction

A

constriction of vessels supplying the poorly ventilated alveoli

36
Q

what does reduction of blood flow to a portion of the lung do to alveolar PCO2

A

lowers alveolar PCO2, resulting in a constriction of the bronchi supplying that portion of the lung

physiology (Woods) (18 decks)

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